, 2012) The LLOQ’s (lower limit of quantification) were respecti

, 2012). The LLOQ’s (lower limit of quantification) were respectively 0.5 (Lab I), 4.0 (Lab II) and 2.0 (Lab III) pmol/g globin. When receiving the results from the labs at the end of July, some CEV concentrations

showed to be strongly increased (>1000 pmol/g globin, see further). To verify the results, we decided to carry out an extra inter-laboratory performance test at that moment. Therefore, 10 samples per laboratory were chosen, i.e. the 5 highest concentrations and 5 randomly lower concentrations. The 10 samples of the Lab I batch were sent to Lab II, the 10 samples of the Lab II batch were sent to Lab III, and finally, the 10 samples of the Lab III batch were sent to Lab I. Table 2 presents the CEV concentrations as measured on the sampling date and, for each pair of samples, the Q-scores ( Hund et al., 2000). The Q-scores were calculated by the following formula: Q-scorei=(lab specific measurei−mean of measurei)mean of measurei Q-scores Dabrafenib in vitro may be used as an alternative type

of score in case z-scores cannot be calculated because the true value of the sample is unknown, as is the case in this additional inter-laboratory study. These Q-scores were then included in one-way ANOVAs with and without the factor ‘laboratory’. The one-way ANOVA including the factor ‘laboratory’ showed IGF-1R inhibitor a residual standard deviation of 6.5%. This is the best estimation of the mean standard deviation within a laboratory. The one-way ANOVA without the factor ‘laboratory’ showed a residual standard deviation of 11%. This is the best estimate for the total standard

deviation due to inter-and intra-laboratory variance. As may be observed from Table 2, the additional inter-laboratory test revealed comparable results. Smokers and non-smokers were identified based on cotinine in urine samples (De Cremer et al., 2013) and using a cut-off of 100 μg/L (Benowitz, 1996). Table 3 depicts the results. Seventy-four participants were categorized as ‘smokers’ and 168 were categorized as ‘non-smokers’. This categorization was consistent with the reported (non-) smoking behaviour of the participants. While the proportion ‘smokers’ in the subgroups of the EZ (‘EZ1’, ‘EZ2 Emerg’ and ‘EZ2 Evac’) lay between 23.1 and 29.8%, it was 42.2% in the residents outside the EZ that had visited the emergency services (group ‘Controls’). Consistent with this ADAMTS5 observation, the median urinary cotinine levels were markedly higher in smokers of the ‘Controls’ group (median: 1654 μg/L, IQR between 1224 and 2062 μg/L) when compared to smokers of the EZ (median: 1154 μg/L, IQR between 660 and 1439 μg/L) (data not shown). CEV concentrations as measured in the blood were extrapolated back to the concentration that was to be expected at the time of the accident, i.e. May 4. Taking into account the average lifecycle of erythrocytes of 126 days, CEV values following a single exposure will decrease daily 1/126th (or 0.

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