g cells. To confirm this result, total cell extracts were collected 48 h post transfection and the phosphoryl ation status of Rb was determined by immunoblotting with an anti Rb MAb, which detects all forms of Rb. The phosphorylation status selleck chem of Rb serves as a marker of cells in the G0 G1 phase of the cell cycle, since Rb is progressively phosphorylated throughout the G1 phase and is hyperpho sphorylated upon transition into the S phase. As shown in Figure 1E, hyperphosphorylated form migrated more slowly than the hypo and unphosphory lated forms. The majority of Rb was hyperpho sphorylated in cells transfected with the control vector, however, a decrease in the level of hyperphosphorylated form and an increase in the levels of hypo and or unphosphorylated form were observed in extracts prepared from Tax expressing cells.

These results confirmed that Tax prevents hyperpho sphorylation of Rb and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries blocks cell cycle progression at the G1 phase. To analyze whether Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Tax induced apoptosis, HeLa cells were transfected with a Tax expression vector or a con trol vector, and the activity of caspase 3, which plays an essential role in apoptosis, was measured. Caspase 3 ac tivity was significantly higher in Tax expressing cells than in control cells. Next, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the apoptotic activity of Tax was further quantified using flow cytometry by co staining transfected cells with phycoerythrin Annexin V and 7 amino actinomycin D. A prominent event in early apoptosis is the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the cell membrane.

Cell surface Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries exposed PS is specifically detected by PE Annexin V, and during the late stages of apoptosis or necrosis, cell membrane integrity is lost, allowing entry of the DNA binding dye 7 AAD. The population of Annexin V positive and 7 AAD negative apoptotic cells was much higher Anacetrapib in Tax expressing cells than in cells trans fected with the control vector. Because the same trends were observed for caspase 3 activity and apoptotic activity, it was concluded that Tax induces apoptosis in HeLa cells. Large scale expression profiling of cellular genes after transfection with tax To analyze the mechanism underlying the regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis by Tax, total RNA was isolated from HeLa cells transfected with Tax or a control vector, and each RNA sample was sub jected to microarray analysis.

Data sets were analyzed using this GeneSpring GX 11. 0 software for gene expression, clustering, gene ontology, and significant signaling pathways. Using microarrays containing approximately 18,400 mRNA transcripts, 342 genes were identified that showed statistically signifi cant levels of differential regulation by Tax. The upregulated genes were clus tered within functional groups involved in transcription translation RNA processing, signal transduction, the im mune response, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and cell growth proliferation. In addition, a number of molecules involved in the immune response were signifi cantly downr