MASQ-AD-LI was entered as a covariate in order to remove

variance associated with general distress that is common to depression and anxiety (Clark and Watson 1991), given the present interest in the unique variance associated with anxiety.5 Rerunning the analyses without MASQ-AD-LI as a predictor revealed virtually identical findings (see Miller and Chapman 2001, on this use of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), indicating that inclusion of MASQ-AD-LI did not bias the findings. Additionally, rerunning analyses Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with each anxiety type as the sole predictor revealed virtually identical findings, indicating that the findings were not an artifact of removing shared variance. For each voxel, for each predictor of interest (PSWQ and MASQ-AA), a t-test was carried out on the β values to identify voxels in which there was significant moderation. kinase inhibitor Oligomycin A T-tests were one-tailed in the direction of the a priori prediction (i.e., negative for anxious apprehension and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Broca’s area, positive for all other comparisons). In order to correct for www.selleckchem.com/products/Cisplatin.html multiple comparisons, AFNI’s AlphaSim (Ward 2000) was used to

obtain cluster-size thresholds, which, in combination with an individual voxel-level threshold, ensured that each cluster was significant at P ≤ 0.05. Contiguous voxels within a cluster were defined as those voxels that were connected by a face or an edge (not merely by a corner). Small volume Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical correction was used for a priori regions of interest, using masks from the Harvard-Oxford probabilistic atlas available with FSL. A mask of left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; including Broca’s area)6 was created for the

one-tailed (negative direction) t-test of the relationship between brain activation and PSWQ (cluster-size threshold = 390 mm3). For the one-tailed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (positive direction) t-test of the relationship between PSWQ and the other brain regions, the mask included bilateral superior prefrontal cortex, ACC, and amygdala (cluster-size threshold = 819 mm3).7 For the one-tailed (positive direction) t-test of the relationship between brain activation and MASQ-AA, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the mask included right MTG/ITG, bilateral superior prefrontal cortex, ACC, and amygdala (cluster-size threshold Entinostat = 819 mm3). For each mask, an individual voxel-level threshold of P = 0.03 was used, and a cluster-size threshold was computed and used only for voxels within the mask. In areas where PSWQ and MASQ-AA exhibited effects in opposing directions, direct comparisons were computed to test whether the effects differed significantly. These comparisons (tests of the difference of dependent βs) were computed in a voxel-wise manner and thresholded as described above. In order to determine whether observed effects were driven by changes in negative, neutral, or both stimuli, average β values for each cluster for each participant were extracted separately for negative and neutral (relative to fixation) for each half.