Further, greater CPM waning in the CPM-sequential series was correlated with less reported extent of pain reduction by episodic medication (r = 0.493, P = .028). Migraineurs have subtle deficits in endogenous

pain modulation which requires a more challenging test protocol than the commonly used single CPM. Waning of CPM response seems to reveal this pronociceptive state. The clinical relevance of the CPM waning effect is highlighted by its association with clinical parameters of migraine. “
“Prion protein, a sialoglycoprotein with neuroprotective properties on oxidative stress damage, has been related with the mechanisms leading to migraine. In the present case-control study, we investigated the correlation between the common methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129 within the prion protein gene (PRNP) and migraine. Genotyping of PRNP V129M variant was performed in 384 migraine patients and 185 age-, sex-, and race-ethnicity-matched EGFR inhibitor healthy controls. The frequencies of the PRNP V129M genotype did not differ significantly between

migraineurs and controls. The frequencies of 129VV genotype were significantly higher in patients with earlier age at migraine onset. No correlation was found between PRNP 129 genotype and demographics, and U0126 other clinical migraine features. Our data suggest that the PRNP 129VV polymorphism is not a direct migraine risk factor but is significantly associated with an earlier onset of the disease. “
“Objective.— To investigate the alteration of hippocampal long-term plasticity and basal synaptic transmission induced medchemexpress by repetitive cortical spreading depressions (CSDs). Background.— There is a relationship between migraine aura and amnesia attack. CSD, a state underlying migraine attacks, may be responsible for hippocampus-related symptoms. However, the precise role of CSD on hippocampal activity has not been investigated. Methods.— Male Wistar rats were divided into CSD and control groups. Repetitive CSDs were induced in vivo by topical application of solid KCl.

Forty-five minutes later, the ipsilateral hippocampus was removed, and hippocampal slices were prepared for a series of electrophysiological studies. Results.— Repetitive CSDs led to a decrease in the magnitude of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. CSD also reduced hippocampal synaptic efficacy, as shown by a reduction in post-synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor responses. In contrast, the post-synaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor responses remained unchanged. In addition, there were no changes in paired-pulse profiles between the groups, indicating that CSD did not induce any presynaptic alterations. Conclusion.— These findings suggest that a reduction of post-synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor responses is the mechanism responsible for impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation induced by CSD.

The association between −1195G>A and digestive system cancers was further stratified by ethnicity, and we only found significantly increased risk in Asians compared to Caucasians, although the between-groups heterogeneity test was not significant, except for the recessive model (P < 0.001 for the heterogeneity test between groups;

race can explain nearly 100% of the heterogeneity between groups by meta regression; the P-value of the dummy variable was 0.004 for race) (Table 3). We used the Funnel plot and Egger’s test to address potential publication bias in the available literature. As shown in Figure 2, for −1195G>A, the shape of the funnel plot seemed symmetrical in the dominant model comparison in digestive system cancers, suggesting the absence of publication Selleckchem ABC294640 bias. Egger’s test was then used to provide statistical evidence for funnel plot symmetry, which is more pronounced when the larger of the intercept deviated from zero in the linear regression analysis. We also did not find significant publication bias (P = 0.147 for −1195G>A in the dominant model GA/AA vs GG). In late 1980s, COX-2 was discovered and postulated to be distinct from the constitutive COX (COX-1), because its activity was not regulated by glucocorticoids but induced at sites of inflammation.66,67 Subsequently, a large body

of studies investigated the role of COX-2 in cancer development. Up to now, it has been well known that COX-2 plays a key role in the carcinogenic process, especially for digestive system cancers.10,11 LGK-974 cell line In our meta-analysis, the COX-2−1195 variant A allele was associated with significantly increased risk of digestive system

cancers, but not for other cancers. The −1195G>A polymorphism is within the promoter region, which contains several key cis-acting regulatory elements, and has decisive roles in the regulation of COX-2 transcription.68 Zhang et al. reported that −1195 G>A change created a transcriptional factor c-myeloblastosis oncogene-binding site, and the −1195 A allele displayed higher transcription activity and mRNA expression compared with the −1195 G allele.69 Because COX-2 overexpression can increase proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and enhance the invasiveness of cancer cells, the increased risk for the variant A alleles is biologically 上海皓元 plausible. COX-2−765G>C, also located in the promoter region, appears to disrupt a stimulatory protein 1 binding site, and leads to a 30% reduction of COX-2 promoter activity in vitro.70 In the current study, no significant association between COX-2−765G>C and the risk of both digestive system cancers and other cancers was observed. However, when we remove the three studies deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, −765G>C was significantly associated with an increased risk of both total cancer and digestive system cancer. Further larger studies are needed to validate its real association with cancer risk.

Methods: Subjects were 83 patients with ampullary tumor (62 patients: endoscopic snare papillectomy; 21 patients: surgical resection). EUS and IDUS were performed preoperatively to evaluate focal extension as possible. Outcome was also evaluated who were treated by endoscopic snare papillectomy. Results: The final pathological diagnosis was adenoma in 36 patients, carcinoma in adenoma in 10 patients, adenocarcinoma in 27 patients, neuroendocrine tumor in 4 patients, regenerative change or hyperplasia in 6 patients. The accuracy of preoperative biopsy was 71%. EUS had diagnostic accuracy of 88% for duodenal invasion, 92% for extension into bile duct and 98% for extension

into pancreatic duct. IDUS had diagnostic accuracy of 88% for duodenal LEE011 cost invasion, 86% into bile duct and 94% into pancreatic duct. Success rate of endoscopic snare papillectomy was 89%. Follow-up endoscopy revealed recurrent/residual adenoma in 2 patients, carcinoma in adenoma in 1 learn more patient and adenocarcinoma in 1 patient. 1 patient in carcinoma in adenoma

and 1 patient in adenocarcinoma were resected endoscopically, 2 patients in adenoma and 1 patient in adenocarcinoma were resected surgically. Conclusion: Endoscopic snare papillectomy is useful as complete biopsy. EUS and IDUS are highly capable of evaluating tumors of the major duodenal papilla preoperatively. However, these techniques are not sufficient to evaluate focal extension preoperatively for carcinoma. At the current point in time, endoscopic snare papillectomy is adequate at treating adenoma and carcinoma in adenoma. Key Word(s): 1. Ampullary Tumor; 2. EUS; 3. IDUS; Presenting Author: XUEFENG LU Corresponding Author: XUEFENG LU Affiliations: Qilu hospital of Shandong university Objective: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) which is a kind of minimally invasive technology is to use all kinds of electric knives to resect gastrointestinal lesions under

endoscopy. It is reported that ESD is a safe and effective method for gastrointestinal lesions with low recurrence rate, few complications, less pain and short hospitalization days. But recently it has developed a new kind of minimally invasive treatment technology MCE – Endoscopic Submucosal Tunnel Dissection (ESTD) on the basis of ESD. The purpose of the study is to explore the clinical value of ESTD by comparing the ESTD and ESD in the treatment of the esophageal submucosal protrusion lesions. Methods: From Jan. 2011 to Feb. 2013, 42 patients with 44 lesions in gastroesophageal submucosa were treated with ESE in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. Efficacy and safety were evaluated based on their status. Results: 27 of the 42 patients were male. Of all the 44 lesions, 17 originated from the esophagus. The mean tumor size was 1.52 (0.5∼3.0) cm. Media age of patients were 53 (18∼67) yrs. The mean hospital stay was 8.2 (6∼12) days. Complications were evaluated in post-ESE hemorrhage and perforation.

Calcium silicate with and without fungicide contributed to decreasing the AUAPC by 44 and 37%, respectively. Metformin The fungicide spray decreased the AUAPC by 50 and 39% for lines BR-008 and BR-009, respectively. Without fungicide, the AUAPC decreased by 88% for line BR-008 compared with line BR-009; however, with fungicide, the reduction reached 90%. The Si leaf tissue concentration significantly increased with the CS application (5.9 g/kg) compared with

the L application (0.3 g/kg), regardless of the sorghum line. The yield increased by 0.6 ton/ha with the CS compared to the L application. The fungicide increased yield by 0.48 ton/ha compared with the non-fungicide spray treatment. The residual effect of CS in the soil increased Si leaf tissue concentration and yield as well as reduced the intensity of anthracnose in the 2009/2010 growing season. “
“Dwarf bunt of wheat, caused by Tilletia controversa Kühn, is an important international quarantine disease in many countries. The objective of this investigation was to develop a diagnostic molecular marker generated from intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) for rapid identification of T. controversa. A total of 60 primers were tested by ISSR to detect DNA polymorphisms

between T. controversa and related species. The primer ISSR818 generated a polymorphic pattern displaying a 952- bp DNA fragment specific for T. controversa. The marker was converted into a sequence characterized amplified region Regorafenib nmr (SCAR), and specific primers (TCKSF2/TCKSR2) were designed for use in a PCR detection assay. Its detection limit was 1 ng of DNA, which could be yielded

by 1.1 μg of teliospores in a 25- μl PCR. Conclusively, a method to distinguish T. controversa from similar pathogenic fungi has been successfully developed based on the use of a SCAR marker. “
“Symptoms of rapeseed phyllody were observed in rapeseed fields of Fars, Ghazvin, Isfahan, Kerman and Yazd provinces in Iran. Circulifer haematoceps leafhoppers testing positive for phytoplasma in polymerase chain 上海皓元 reaction (PCR) successfully transmitted a rapeseed phyllody phytoplasma isolate from Zarghan (Fars province) to healthy rapeseed plants directly after collection in the field or after acquisition feeding on infected rapeseed in the greenhouse. The disease agent was transmitted by the same leafhopper from rape to periwinkle, sesame, stock, mustard, radish and rocket plants causing phytoplasma-type symptoms in these plants. PCR assays using phytoplasma-specific primer pair P1/P7 or nested PCR using primers P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R2, amplified products of expected size (1.8 and 1.2 kbp, respectively) from symptomatic rapeseed plants and C. haematoceps specimens.

Calcium silicate with and without fungicide contributed to decreasing the AUAPC by 44 and 37%, respectively. Z-VAD-FMK ic50 The fungicide spray decreased the AUAPC by 50 and 39% for lines BR-008 and BR-009, respectively. Without fungicide, the AUAPC decreased by 88% for line BR-008 compared with line BR-009; however, with fungicide, the reduction reached 90%. The Si leaf tissue concentration significantly increased with the CS application (5.9 g/kg) compared with

the L application (0.3 g/kg), regardless of the sorghum line. The yield increased by 0.6 ton/ha with the CS compared to the L application. The fungicide increased yield by 0.48 ton/ha compared with the non-fungicide spray treatment. The residual effect of CS in the soil increased Si leaf tissue concentration and yield as well as reduced the intensity of anthracnose in the 2009/2010 growing season. “
“Dwarf bunt of wheat, caused by Tilletia controversa Kühn, is an important international quarantine disease in many countries. The objective of this investigation was to develop a diagnostic molecular marker generated from intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) for rapid identification of T. controversa. A total of 60 primers were tested by ISSR to detect DNA polymorphisms

between T. controversa and related species. The primer ISSR818 generated a polymorphic pattern displaying a 952- bp DNA fragment specific for T. controversa. The marker was converted into a sequence characterized amplified region H 89 clinical trial (SCAR), and specific primers (TCKSF2/TCKSR2) were designed for use in a PCR detection assay. Its detection limit was 1 ng of DNA, which could be yielded

by 1.1 μg of teliospores in a 25- μl PCR. Conclusively, a method to distinguish T. controversa from similar pathogenic fungi has been successfully developed based on the use of a SCAR marker. “
“Symptoms of rapeseed phyllody were observed in rapeseed fields of Fars, Ghazvin, Isfahan, Kerman and Yazd provinces in Iran. Circulifer haematoceps leafhoppers testing positive for phytoplasma in polymerase chain medchemexpress reaction (PCR) successfully transmitted a rapeseed phyllody phytoplasma isolate from Zarghan (Fars province) to healthy rapeseed plants directly after collection in the field or after acquisition feeding on infected rapeseed in the greenhouse. The disease agent was transmitted by the same leafhopper from rape to periwinkle, sesame, stock, mustard, radish and rocket plants causing phytoplasma-type symptoms in these plants. PCR assays using phytoplasma-specific primer pair P1/P7 or nested PCR using primers P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R2, amplified products of expected size (1.8 and 1.2 kbp, respectively) from symptomatic rapeseed plants and C. haematoceps specimens.

Patient demographics, disease phenotype according to the Montreal classification, medications and comorbidities were extracted over the two year period following transition. Results: We present an interim analysis of the baseline characteristics of patients seen between 2008–2014. A total of 27 patients were identified with complete medical records at SVHM. The average age of IBD diagnosis was 12.6 years (+/− 4.4 years). There were 17 (63%) with Crohn’s Disease (CD), 8

(30%) with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and 2 (7%) with Indeterminate Colitis. The CD phenotype at transfer was: ileocolonic 7/17 (41%) vs. ileal 2/17 (12%) vs. 8/17 (47%) colonic; 8/17 Stem Cell Compound Library (47%) had stricturing disease, 6/17 (35%) had penetrating disease and 6/17 (35%) had perianal disease. Amongst patients with UC at transfer,

5/8 (63%) had pancolitis, 2/8 (25%) had left sided colitis. Prior to transfer 6/27 (22%) had bowel resections (1 with a colectomy in a UC patient). With regards to management at time of transfer, 11/27 (41%) were on steroids, 15/27 (56%) on 5-aminosalicylates, 15/27 (56%) on thiopurines and 4/27 (15%) on anti-TNF agents. 11/27 (41%) had psychological comorbidities and 9/27 (33%) had documented non-compliance with therapy. Conclusion: This interim analysis demonstrates that the pediatric IBD population referred to our tertiary IBD clinic are a selected cohort 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 with a high proportion having complicated disease. The final results Dabrafenib of the 10 year retrospective analysis including clinical outcomes at 2 years will be presented at AGW. METTE JULSGAARD,*,1,2 LISBET A. CHRISTENSEN,2 PETER R. GIBSON,3 JAN FALLINGBORG,4 RICHARD GEARRY,5 ALISSA WALSH,6 JENS KJELDSEN,7 WILLIAM CONNELL,1 MILES P. SPARROW,3 GRAHAM RADFORD-SMITH,8 JANE M. ANDREWS,9 SUSAN J. CONNOR,10 IAN LAWRENCE,11 SIGNE WILDT,12 GREGORY T. MOORE,13 LISE SVENNINGSEN,14 OURANIA ROSELLA,3 ANNE GROSEN,2 SALLY J. BELL1 1Dept. of Gastroenterology,

St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, 2Dept. of Medicine V, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark, 3Dept. of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 4Dept. of Gastroenterology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, 5Dept. of Gastroenterology, Christchurch University hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand, 6Dept. of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia, 7Dept. of Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, 8Dept. of Gastroenterology, Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Denmark, 9Dept. of Gastroenterology & School of Medicine, University of Adelaide at Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia, 10Dept. of Gastroenterology, Liverpool Hospital & University of NSW, Sydney, Australia, 11Dept.

Since HCV-infected female patients on oral hormonal contraceptives (OC) may be treated

with SOF or SOF/LDV fixed dose combination (FDC), this study evaluated a potential for a drug-drug interaction between SOF or LDV and norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol (NGM/EE, Ortho Tri-Cyclen Lo®), a representative hormonal oral contraceptive (OC). Methods This was an open-label, fixed-sequence, Phase 1 study. Subjects not using NGM/EE were enrolled into Part A (lead-in) and received NGM/EE for 1 menstrual cycle before enrolling into Part B (main study). Subjects on NGM/EE could enroll into Part B directly. In Part B, subjects received Staurosporine NGM/EE for 3 sequential cycles. NGM/EE was administered alone (1st cycle), followed by coadministration with SOF for 7 days (Days 8-14; 2nd cycle) or with LDV for 14 days (Days 1-14; 3rd cycle). Safety assessments were conducted throughout the study. NGM, norelgestromin (NGMN; active metabolite), norgestrel (NG; active metabolite), EE, SOF and GS-331007 (predominant circulating nucleoside metabolite of SOF), and LDV were analyzed on Day 14 of each

respective cycle. click here Geometric least squares mean ratios (GLSMR) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for AUCtau, Cmax and Ctau were estimated using ANOVA with PK alteration bounds of 70-143%. FSH (Day 14) and LH (Day

14), and progesterone (Day 21) were assessed in all cycles. Results All enrolled subjects (N=15) completed Part B. Study treatments were well tolerated. Nausea and headache were the most frequently reported AEs. All treatment-emergent AEs were mild (Grade 1) or moderate (Grade 2). MCE Small increases in EE Cmax (∼40%) with LDV or NG AUCtau (∼19%) and Ctau (∼23%) with SOF were noted. No other alterations in NGM/EE PK were observed. SOF, GS-331007 and LDV PK were similar to historical data. FSH, LH and progesterone values were similar in all cycles. Conclusion Coadministration of SOF or LDV with NGM/EE was safe and well tolerated. Based on these results, no loss in contraceptive efficacy is expected upon administration of combined oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate with SOF or SOF/LDV FDC. Accordingly, the use of OC with SOF or SOF/LDV FDC is permitted. Disclosures: Polina German – Employment: GIlead Sciences, Inc; Stock Shareholder: GIlead Sciences, Inc Lisa Moorehead – Employment: Gilead Sciences; Stock Shareholder: Gilead Sciences Phil S. Pang – Employment: Gilead Sciences Anita Mathias – Employment: Gilead Sciences Inc.

Since HCV-infected female patients on oral hormonal contraceptives (OC) may be treated

with SOF or SOF/LDV fixed dose combination (FDC), this study evaluated a potential for a drug-drug interaction between SOF or LDV and norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol (NGM/EE, Ortho Tri-Cyclen Lo®), a representative hormonal oral contraceptive (OC). Methods This was an open-label, fixed-sequence, Phase 1 study. Subjects not using NGM/EE were enrolled into Part A (lead-in) and received NGM/EE for 1 menstrual cycle before enrolling into Part B (main study). Subjects on NGM/EE could enroll into Part B directly. In Part B, subjects received selleck compound NGM/EE for 3 sequential cycles. NGM/EE was administered alone (1st cycle), followed by coadministration with SOF for 7 days (Days 8-14; 2nd cycle) or with LDV for 14 days (Days 1-14; 3rd cycle). Safety assessments were conducted throughout the study. NGM, norelgestromin (NGMN; active metabolite), norgestrel (NG; active metabolite), EE, SOF and GS-331007 (predominant circulating nucleoside metabolite of SOF), and LDV were analyzed on Day 14 of each

respective cycle. Silmitasertib chemical structure Geometric least squares mean ratios (GLSMR) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for AUCtau, Cmax and Ctau were estimated using ANOVA with PK alteration bounds of 70-143%. FSH (Day 14) and LH (Day

14), and progesterone (Day 21) were assessed in all cycles. Results All enrolled subjects (N=15) completed Part B. Study treatments were well tolerated. Nausea and headache were the most frequently reported AEs. All treatment-emergent AEs were mild (Grade 1) or moderate (Grade 2). medchemexpress Small increases in EE Cmax (∼40%) with LDV or NG AUCtau (∼19%) and Ctau (∼23%) with SOF were noted. No other alterations in NGM/EE PK were observed. SOF, GS-331007 and LDV PK were similar to historical data. FSH, LH and progesterone values were similar in all cycles. Conclusion Coadministration of SOF or LDV with NGM/EE was safe and well tolerated. Based on these results, no loss in contraceptive efficacy is expected upon administration of combined oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate with SOF or SOF/LDV FDC. Accordingly, the use of OC with SOF or SOF/LDV FDC is permitted. Disclosures: Polina German – Employment: GIlead Sciences, Inc; Stock Shareholder: GIlead Sciences, Inc Lisa Moorehead – Employment: Gilead Sciences; Stock Shareholder: Gilead Sciences Phil S. Pang – Employment: Gilead Sciences Anita Mathias – Employment: Gilead Sciences Inc.

Since HCV-infected female patients on oral hormonal contraceptives (OC) may be treated

with SOF or SOF/LDV fixed dose combination (FDC), this study evaluated a potential for a drug-drug interaction between SOF or LDV and norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol (NGM/EE, Ortho Tri-Cyclen Lo®), a representative hormonal oral contraceptive (OC). Methods This was an open-label, fixed-sequence, Phase 1 study. Subjects not using NGM/EE were enrolled into Part A (lead-in) and received NGM/EE for 1 menstrual cycle before enrolling into Part B (main study). Subjects on NGM/EE could enroll into Part B directly. In Part B, subjects received CT99021 solubility dmso NGM/EE for 3 sequential cycles. NGM/EE was administered alone (1st cycle), followed by coadministration with SOF for 7 days (Days 8-14; 2nd cycle) or with LDV for 14 days (Days 1-14; 3rd cycle). Safety assessments were conducted throughout the study. NGM, norelgestromin (NGMN; active metabolite), norgestrel (NG; active metabolite), EE, SOF and GS-331007 (predominant circulating nucleoside metabolite of SOF), and LDV were analyzed on Day 14 of each

respective cycle. HTS assay Geometric least squares mean ratios (GLSMR) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for AUCtau, Cmax and Ctau were estimated using ANOVA with PK alteration bounds of 70-143%. FSH (Day 14) and LH (Day

14), and progesterone (Day 21) were assessed in all cycles. Results All enrolled subjects (N=15) completed Part B. Study treatments were well tolerated. Nausea and headache were the most frequently reported AEs. All treatment-emergent AEs were mild (Grade 1) or moderate (Grade 2). 上海皓元 Small increases in EE Cmax (∼40%) with LDV or NG AUCtau (∼19%) and Ctau (∼23%) with SOF were noted. No other alterations in NGM/EE PK were observed. SOF, GS-331007 and LDV PK were similar to historical data. FSH, LH and progesterone values were similar in all cycles. Conclusion Coadministration of SOF or LDV with NGM/EE was safe and well tolerated. Based on these results, no loss in contraceptive efficacy is expected upon administration of combined oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate with SOF or SOF/LDV FDC. Accordingly, the use of OC with SOF or SOF/LDV FDC is permitted. Disclosures: Polina German – Employment: GIlead Sciences, Inc; Stock Shareholder: GIlead Sciences, Inc Lisa Moorehead – Employment: Gilead Sciences; Stock Shareholder: Gilead Sciences Phil S. Pang – Employment: Gilead Sciences Anita Mathias – Employment: Gilead Sciences Inc.

6, 7), suggesting that the accumulation of neutrophils contributes to the exacerbated liver injury observed in α-Galcer-treated IFN-γ−/− and STAT1−/− mice. IFN-γ−/− mice had lower levels of hepatic expression of IL-4 compared to WT mice after α-Galcer injection (Supporting Fig. 7), suggesting that IFN-γ is required for the production of IL-4. However, this unlikely attributes to IFN-γ prevention

of hepatic neutrophil infiltration because IL-4 promotes hepatic neutrophil accumulation (see above). Our further findings indicate that IFN-γ attenuates hepatic neutrophil accumulation by inducing neutrophil apoptosis after α-Galcer injection, as neutrophil apoptosis was suppressed in IFN-γ−/− mice (Fig. 6).

Mechanistic studies suggest that the proapoptotic effect of IFN-γ is mediated by the induction of several proapoptotic genes by way of a STAT1-dependent mechanism 3-deazaneplanocin A order (Fig. 7F). Collectively, these findings suggest that IFN-γ stimulates the expression of proapoptotic genes in neutrophils by Mdm2 antagonist way of a STAT1-dependent mechanism, thereby playing an important role in preventing hepatic neutrophil accumulation in α-Galcer-induced liver injury. In addition to their opposing roles in the control of hepatic neutrophil accumulation, IL-4 and IFN-γ have been shown to inversely control NKT cell proliferation in vitro.[17] During the course of our studies, we observed the percentage and total number of liver iNKT cells in WT, IL-4−/−, IFN-γ−/−, and IL-4−/−IFN-γ−/− dKO mice MCE公司 were comparable before α-Galcer injection. After α-Galcer injection, liver iNKT cells rapidly disappeared within 24 hours. This disappearance was similar among these four strains of mice (data not shown). These findings suggest that the differences in hepatic neutrophil accumulation 3 hours post-α-Galcer injection

among WT, IL-4−/−, IFN-γ−/−, and IL-4−/−IFN-γ−/− dKO mice were not caused by the changes in iNKT cells at the early timepoints after α-Galcer injection. Additionally, expression of activation markers (CD11b and CD62L) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were comparable in neutrophils from α-Galcer-treated WT, IL-4−/−, and IFN-γ−/− mice (Supporting Fig. 8), suggesting IL-4 and IFN-γ regulate hepatic neutrophil accumulation but not activation. Although IL-4 and IFN-γ mediate many crucial functions of iNKT cells in the liver,[6-8] IL-4−/−IFN-γ−/− dKO mice still had significant liver injury after α-Galcer injection, suggesting that mechanisms other than IL-4 and IFN-γ are involved. It was previously reported that α-Galcer treatment induces TNF-α production by iNKT cells and that inhibition of TNF-α ameliorated α-Galcer-induced liver injury and diminished the aggravating effects of IFN-γ neutralization in this liver injury.[15] These findings suggest that TNF-α likely contributes to the α-Galcer-induced liver injury in IL-4−/−IFN-γ−/− dKO mice.