N Engl J Med. 1996;334(1):13–8.PubMedCrossRef 3. Tozawa M, Iseki K, Iseki C, Kinjo K, Ikemiya Y, Takishita S. Blood pressure predicts risk of developing end-stage renal disease in men and women. Hypertension. 2003;41(6):1341–5.PubMedCrossRef 4. Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, O’Brien ET, Clement D, de Leeuw PW, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 1999;282(6):539–46.CrossRef 5. Kario K, Pickering TG, Matsuo T, Hoshide S, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Stroke prognosis and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls

in older hypertensives. Staurosporine molecular weight Hypertension. 2001;38(4):852–7.PubMedCrossRef 6. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, Kikuya M, Ohmori K, Michimata M, et al. Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals find more with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens. 2002;20(11):2183–9.PubMedCrossRef 7. Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Imiya M, Matsuo M, Shimada K. Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensive patients. Advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extreme dippers.

Hypertension. 1996;27(1):130–5.PubMedCrossRef 8. Halberg F, Ahlgren A, Haus E. Circadian systolic and diastolic hyperbaric indices of high school and college students. Chronobiologia. 1984;11(3):299–309.PubMed 9. Hermida RC, Mojon A, Fernandez JR, Alonso I, Ayala DE. The tolerance-hyperbaric test: a chronobiologic approach for improved diagnosis of hypertension. Chronobiol Int. 2002;19(6):1183–211.PubMedCrossRef

10. Wegmann R, Wegmann A, Wegmann-Goddijn MA, Marz W, Halberg F. Hyperbaric indices (HBI) assess next the extent and timing of deviant blood pressure in patients under treatment. Chronobiologia. 1987;14(1):27–30.PubMed 11. Capani F, Basile S, Guagnano MT, Ramoni L, Sensi S. Can the chronobiological approach better evaluate the relationship between diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension? Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990;341A:403–9.PubMed 12. Vollebregt KC, Gisolf J, Guelen I, Boer K, van Montfrans G, Wolf H. Limited accuracy of the hyperbaric index, ambulatory blood pressure and sphygmomanometry measurements in predicting gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. J Hypertens. 2010;28(1):127–34.PubMedCrossRef 13. Ayala DE, Hermida RC. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for the early identification of hypertension in pregnancy. Chronobiol Int. 2013;30(1–2):233–59.PubMedCrossRef 14. Iimuro S, Imai E, Watanabe T, Nitta K, Akizawa T, Matsuo S, et al. Clinical correlates of ambulatory BP monitoring among patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN. 2013;8(5):721–30.CrossRef 15. Imai E, Matsuo S, Makino H, Watanabe T, Akizawa T, Nitta K, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease Japan Cohort study: baseline characteristics and factors associated with causative diseases and renal function. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2010;14(6):558–70.

Differently from the wild-type, the OprB1/OprF ratio for the peripheral and the central cells of the colR mutant

was similar. We suggest that the increased level of OprB1 in OM that is normally induced in response to glucose limitation is unbearable to the colR mutant and therefore does not rise above a certain threshold level. Hunger-induced expression of OprB1 is regulated post-transcriptionally To test the possibility that expression of OprB1 under glucose limitation increases due to enhanced transcription of glucose transport operon (genes gtsA to oprB1), the transcriptional fusion of gtsA with lacZ reporter was constructed and analysed under different glucose concentrations. Results in Figure 7A show that the expression of the gtsA promoter buy PRI-724 is induced by glucose regardless of its concentration. This was also confirmed in the liquid glucose medium by β-galactosidase measurements throughout the growth (data not shown). To find out whether OprB1 expression may be regulated post-transcriptionally we employed the PaWoprB1-tacB1 and PaWcolR-oprB1-tacB1 strains with oprB1 gene under the control of IPTG-inducible tac promoter. We presumed that if the expression of OprB1 is post-transcriptionally suppressed at high glucose and, vice versa, derepressed under glucose limitation, then it should not be possible to artificially overexpress OprB1

from tac promoter in glucose-rich environment, i.e., on 0.8% glucose medium. As predicted, the tac promoter-originated artificial expression of OprB1 was lower at 0.8% glucose compared PJ34 HCl to that at 0.2% glucose (Figure 7B). As a matter of https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Ispinesib-mesilate(SB-715992).html fact, it did not exceed the amount of OprB1 characteristic for the wild-type cells growing on glucose-rich medium. This data strongly suggests that hunger-dependent regulation of OprB1 occurs post-transcriptionally. Here, it is relevant to remind that the amount of OprB1 is slightly reduced in cbrA and cbrB mutants (Figure 3) suggesting that the CbrA-CbrB system is involved in the OprB1 regulation. Recently, CbrA-CbrB system has been shown to act as a positive regulator of CrcZ

which is an antagonist sRNA of catabolite repression control protein Crc [49]. The RNA-binding Crc is a global translational regulator of catabolite repression in pseudomonads [50–52]. Interestingly, if P. putida grows on amino acid-rich LB medium, the glucose transport genes are repressed by Crc [53]. Furthermore, sequences similar to Crc binding consensus were found in the proximity of the AUG start site of gtsA and oprB1 genes [50]. The Crc protein therefore seemed to be a likely candidate for translational repression of OprB1 in the glucose-rich solid medium. Thus, we constructed the crc-deficient strains and analyzed the effect of Crc inactivation on the amount of OprB1 in OM under glucose-rich (0.8%) and glucose-limiting (0.2%) conditions.

To fabricate Sapanisertib datasheet CNT-based two-terminal devices using our approach, horizontal alignment of CNTs might be necessary,

and the orientation of CNTs could be aligned to the applied electric field [45], magnetic field [46], and direction of gas flow [47]. Nanostencil lithography could be extended to control the number of various one-dimensional nanomaterials that are grown and the specific sites where they are grown by depositing other catalysts such as gold for silicon, gallium nitride, or zinc oxide nanowires. Since these one-dimensional nanomaterials have unique characteristic, for example, ZnO nanowire array exhibits giant optical anisotropy due to high aspect ratio, subwavelength diameter, and high permittivity [48], the proposed position- and number-controlled synthesis approach could be useful to realize nanomaterial-based devices with enhanced functionalities and mass producibility. Figure 4 Number-controlled growth of CNTs by using apertures with different diameters. (a, b) SIM images of 21 × 21 nanoapertures in a stencil mask consisting of 140-nm-diameter apertures and 10-μm spacing between each aperture. The inset in (b) shows an enlarged view of the aperture shown

in (a). (c, d, e) SEM images of CNTs synthesized using apertures of various diameters. Some CNTs (c), mainly double CNTs (d), and individual CNT (e) were synthesized through apertures whose ��-Nicotinamide manufacturer diameters were 140, 80, and 40 nm, respectively. The insets show the apertures used to synthesize CNTs. (f) The number of CNTs synthesized

was strongly dependent on the diameter of the nanostencil aperture. Yield was 39.6% for individual CNTs synthesized using 40-nm-diameter aperture. Conclusions We fabricated stencil masks containing nanoaperture arrays down to 40 nm in diameter in order to characterize the relation between the size of the patterned catalyst and the number of CNTs that were subsequently synthesized on the catalyst. The nanostencil Avelestat (AZD9668) mask was fabricated by first forming a low-stress silicon nitride membrane on a silicon substrate. FIB milling was subsequently used to generate nanoapertures on the membrane. The iron catalyst used to synthesize the CNTs was then deposited through the nanoapertures onto the silicon substrate. The diameter of iron catalyst was larger than that of the aperture because of blurring, and the thickness of the catalyst decreased with decreasing aperture diameter. Accordingly, the number of CNTs could be controlled by controlling the diameter of the aperture, and the iron catalyst patterned with the 40-nm-diameter aperture on the stencil mask was used to synthesize an individual CNT at the desired sites. The demonstrated scalable, number- and location-controlled synthesis of CNTs is potentially applicable to massively parallel integration of single CNTs on each of the desired locations and may enhance the producibility and yield of CNT-based functional devices.

Appl Phys Lett 2054, 1994:65. 12. Zogg H, Alchalabi K, Zimin D, Kellermann K: Electrical and optical properties of PbTe p-n junction infrared sensors. Infrared Phys

PI3K inhibitor Technol 2002, 43:251.CrossRef 13. Kumar S, Lal B, Aghamkar P, Husain M: Influence of sulfur, selenium and tellurium doping on optical, electrical and structural properties of thin films of lead salts. J Alloys Compd 2009, 488:334.CrossRef 14. Volkov BA, Ryabova LI, Khokhlov DR: Mixed-valence impurities in lead telluride-based solid solutions. Physics-Uspekhi 2002,45(8):819.CrossRef 15. Rogacheva EI, Krivulkin IM, Nashchekina ON, Sipatov AY, Volobuev VV, Dresselhaus MS: Effect of oxidation on the thermoelectric properties of PbTe and PbS epitaxial films. Appl Phys Lett 2001, 78:1661.CrossRef 16. Humprey JN, Prtriz RL: Photoconductivity of lead selenide: theory of the mechanism of sensitization. Phys Rev 1957, 105:1736.CrossRef 17. Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR, Ram-Mohan LR: Band parameters for III–V compound semiconductors and their alloys. J Appl Phys 2001, 89:5815.CrossRef 18. Streltsov EA, Osipovich NP, Ivashkevich LS, Layakhov AS, Sviridov VV: Electrochemical deposition of PbSe films. Electrochim Acta 1998, 43:869.CrossRef 19. Biro LP, Candea RM, Borodi G, Darabont A, Fitori Avapritinib supplier P, Bratu I: Amorphous

PbSe films: growth and properties. Thin Solid Films 1988, 165:303.CrossRef 20. Hankare PP, Delekar SD, Bhuse VM, Garadkar KM, Sabane SD, Gavali LV: Synthesis and characterization of chemically deposited PbSe thin films. Mater Chem Phys 2003, 82:505.CrossRef 21. Grozdanov I, Najdoski M, Dey SK: A

simple solution growth technique for PbSe thin films. Mater Letts 1999, 38:28.CrossRef 22. Molin AN, Dikusar AI: Electrochemical deposition of PbSe thin films from aqueous solutions. Thin Solid Films 1995, 265:3.CrossRef 23. Munoz A, Melendez J, Torquemada MC, Rodrigo MT, Cebrian J, De Castro AJ: PbSe photodetector arrays for IR sensors. Thin Solid Films 1998, 317:425.CrossRef 24. Shandalova M, Dashevsky Z, Golana Y: Microstructure related transport phenomena in chemically deposited PbSe films. Mater Chem Phys 2008, 112:132.CrossRef 25. Kumar S, Khan ZH, Khan MAM, Husain M: Studies on thin films of lead chalcogenides. Curr Appl Phys 2005, 5:561.CrossRef Ketotifen 26. Li JQ, Li SP, Wang QB, Wang L, Liu FS, Ao WQ: Synthesis and thermoelectric properties of the PbSe 1−x Te x alloys. J Alloys and Compds 2011, 509:4516.CrossRef 27. Ma DW, Cheng C: Preparations and characterizations of polycrystalline PbSe thin films by a thermal reduction method. J Alloys Compds 2011, 509:6595.CrossRef 28. Kumar S, Husain M, Sherma TP, Husain M: Characterization of PbSe 1−x Te x thin films. J Phys Chem Solids 2003, 64:367.CrossRef 29. Lin S, Zhang X, Shi X, Wei J, Lu D, Zhang Y, Kou H, Wang C: Nanoscale semiconductor Pb 1−x Sn x Se ( x = 0.2) thin films synthesized by electrochemical atomic layer deposition. Appl Surf Sci 2011, 257:5803.CrossRef 30.

Form IC sequences were affiliated to Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria for which chemolithotrophy and/or sulphur metabolism is a major mode of energy generation. In the composite tree, molecular phylogenetic analysis of cbbL clone libraries demonstrated the presence of six different novel monophyletic lineages of cbbL harbouring chemolithoautotrophic VX 809 bacteria residing in the agroecosystem and saline soil clone libraries (Figure 2). These cbbL genes had a low sequence similarity with cbbL-types from known organisms, which

indicates the sources of these cbbL genes may be yet unknown and uncultured autotrophic bacteria. The cbbL sequences fall into 15 clusters; one cluster AS site specific, five clusters SS1 & SS2 site specific and nine clusters having cbbL-gene sequences obtained from all three sampling sites. The ubiquitous distribution of majority of the phylotypes (nine mix clades) in the agroecosystem and saline soil clone libraries suggest a possible large scale distribution of several closely related chemolithotrophs. However, the possibility of high degree of sequence conservation and horizontal gene transfer in RuBisCO gene has limited the inference about taxonomic identity

of closely related clones [19]. The saline soils phylotypes were assigned to some recognized genera like Nitrosospira, Paracoccus, Rhodobacter Salinisphaera, and many uncultured clones from differently managed XL184 purchase agricultural systems, contaminated aquifers and deltaic mobile sediments. These sequences from saline soil clone libraries mostly belong to Alpha- and Betaproteobacteria. The other important members of chemolithoautotrophic community in saline soils were Gammaproteobacterial autotrophs which were found predominantly in saline soil. The Gammaproteobacteria Sulfite dehydrogenase are previously known to be dominated by obligate haloalkaliphiles, for example, cluster 15 has sequences related to the genus Salinisphaera which are halophilic, aerobic, facultatively chemolithoautotrophic bacteria oxidizing CO and thiosulphate [42]. Some sequences from saline soil were related to

nitrifying photoautotrophic purple non sulphur bacterium Rhodobacter and denitrifying bacterium Paracoccus. One phylotype was related to the Aurantimonas bacterium which is facultative lithotrophic marine manganese oxidizing bacteria. The agricultural clone library phylotypes tightly clustered with different genera of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria like Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Xanthobacter, Beijerinckia, Sulfobacillus, Oligotropha and uncultured bacterial clones from grassland soils [26] and arid soils. Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a facultative chemolithoautotroph and utilizes thiosulphate and H2 as an electron donor and CO2 as a carbon source [43]. In cluster 10 three phylotypes from AS and one from SS1 clone libraries were related to Sulfobacillus acidophilus (sulphide oxidizing bacteria) and Mycobacterium of phylum Actinobacteria.

Therefore, the Selleck MG 132 number of kinks with approximately 170° is relatively small. Figure 5 BF and HRTEM images of approximately 170° kink in InP NWs. (a) BF image of slight bending InP nanowire, whose bending angel is approximately 170°. (b) HRTEM image of the local part selected in (a) in which a small-angle boundary

is observed. In addition to individual kinks, multiple kinks are also frequently observed in InP NWs. As shown in Figure 6, different shapes, such as zig-zag and rectangle, are composed of kinks with different angles mentioned above. They are likely to be formed by the change of growth conditions. At the same time, it is observed that the formation of kinks is not related to the substrate tilting during the growth. For the growth substrate without any tilt angle, the InP NWs with kinks were also frequently observed. The occurrence of continuous kinks means that there is a possibility to produce NWs with different shapes in large scale, such as the nanospring produced in ZnO NWs [16]. Our results also call into question how to control the shape and microstructures selleck products of NWs by tuning the NW growth conditions in order to satisfy

the needs of practical applications. Figure 6 Various shapes composed of multiple kinks with different angles. (a) Zig-zag InP NWs composed of three approximately 70° kinks. (b) Rectangular InP NWs composed of three approximately 90° kinks. (c) InP NWs with two approximately 110° kinks. Conclusions In conclusion,

four dominant kinds of kinks with an angle of approximately 70°, 90°, 110°, and 170° have been observed in InP NWs. The dominant InP crystal structure in this work is zinc blende and the kinks with bending angles of approximately 70° and 110° are mainly attributed to the SFs and nanotwins, which could easily form by the glide of 111 planes. However, the approximately 90° kinks result from the local amorphorization of InP NWs while the approximately 170° kinks are mainly caused by small-angle boundaries, where the insertion of Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 extra atomic planes could make the NWs slightly bend. In addition, NWs with multiple kinks in various angles are also observed. Acknowledgements The work is financially supported by National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (grant no. 2012CB722705), the Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientists in Shandong Province, China (grant no. JQ201002), the Program for Foreign Cultural and Educational Experts (grant nos. W20123702084, W20133702021), and the Early Career Scheme of the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong SAR, China (grant no. CityU139413). YQW would like to thank the financial support from the Top-notch Innovative Talents Program of Qingdao City and the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province, China. References 1. Duan X, Huang Y, Cui Y, Wang J, Lieber CM: Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices.

It is an official journal of the International Society of

Community Genetics and Genomics, founded in 2009, and fulfills the prophecy that a good concept may temporally be invisible but, as a submarine, will surface somewhere (Ten Kate 2008). Meanwhile, the international multidisciplinary community genetics e-mail network has more than BTK pathway inhibitors 800 members at the time of writing and continues to grow. We believe that community genetics and “public health genetics” are not the same, although they have much in common. The principal aim of public health genetics is to improve population health by reducing disease prevalence. The ultimate aim of community genetics is the well-being of the VDA chemical inhibitor individual in that population. These different aims can be in conflict, particularly in the area of reproductive medicine. An informal group of 14 scientists from Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, North America, and South America has recently reached the consensus definition: Community

Genetics is the art and science of the responsible and realistic application of health and disease-related genetics and genomics knowledge and technologies in human populations and communities to the benefit of individuals therein. Community Genetics is multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary and aims to maximize benefits while minimizing the risk of harm, respecting the autonomy of individuals and ensuring equity. (Ten Kate et al. 2010). The main areas of research in community genetics were identified by these authors to include: Genetic screening Genetic literacy and education Access and quality of genetic services Genetics in primary care Genetics in middle-income and low-income countries Genetics in disadvantaged subpopulations Registries of congenital and genetic disorders Genetics in preconception care Public consultation on genetic issues Epidemiological

issues Economic issues Psychosocial issues Ethical and legal issues Policy issues The Journal of Community Genetics invites the scientific community to submit research on all these activities. The journal will present original PJ34 HCl research papers, reviews, short communications, case and country reports, commentaries, news, and correspondence. The journal will serve as a forum for community genetics worldwide, with a focus on low-income and middle-income countries, many of which now experience the epidemiological transition from infectious disease to genetic disease as major constituents of population and individual disease load. This is reflected by the composition of the board of associate editors and by the members of the advisory board, rendering this Springer periodical a journal with an impressively broad geographic distribution of scientific support.

37 multilayer. Figure 2

Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of FeCo/(FeCo) 0.63 (SiO2) 0.37 film. Prepared by focused ion beam sectioning polished at 30 keV (the design thickness of the FeCo layer was 10 nm, and the FeCo-SiO2layer was 20 nm). The Hysteresis loops for monolayer and multilayer films were plotted in Figure 3, and the FeCo content of both films was about 72 at %. It was observed that the multilayer films had a much lower coercivity H c about 10 Oe, while for the monolayer films, the coercivity was as high as 100 Oe. In our case, the change of the coercivity was the result of lower anisotropy field in multilayer films. Meanwhile for both films, the strait variation in the saturation magnetization Caspase inhibition which was decided by the content of magnetic phase was understandable. Figure 3 Hysteresis loops for monolayer and multilayer films. Then, contrasted to the high-frequency properties HDAC inhibitors cancer of the monolayer films (in Figure 4a) with the multilayer films (in Figure 4b), we can found that the complex permeability of the films which has multilayer structure had a huge improvement. The maximum real and imaginary parts of permeability, increasing twice higher than the monolayer films, were about 250 and 350, respectively, and a relatively wide frequency range that the imaginary part of permeability

higher than 100 was from 1.7 to 4 diglyceride GHz. However, the resonant frequency of multilayer films was decreased to 2.3 GHz simultaneously. Figure 4 The complex permeability of the films: (a) FeCo-SiO 2 monolayer, (b) FeCo/(FeCo) 0.63 (SiO 2 ) 0.37 multilayer. It is considered that for the monolayer structure FeCo-SiO2 films, almost the magnetism phase was isolated by non-magnetism phase because the FeCo particles were embedded in SiO2 matrices shown in Figure 1a. The magnetic structure of particles could be regarded as single domains due to the size of the magnetic particles smaller than the critical size of single domain which is dozens of nanometers for Fe65Co3[8]. Thus, the

magnetic moment orientation of the single domain was their respective preferred direction and chaotic in plane, and the result relative to high in-plane anisotropy field of the films would improve the resonant frequency and coercivity and reduce the permeability. Nevertheless, for the multilayer structure FeCo/(FeCo)0.63(SiO2)0.37 films, the domain orientation of individual FeCo layers was consistent owing to the applied magnetic field during sputtering. In order to certify the zero body magnetic charge and minimum magnetostatic energy, two adjacent FeCo layers presented reverse magnetic moment orientation. Meanwhile, the FeCo particles of FeCo-SiO2 layers which were similar to monolayer films could be regarded as single domain particles.

PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions WQH carried out the cell culture, drug

treatment, MTT assay, and drafted the manuscript. JGW carried out the growth study and Hoechst 33258 staining and statistical analysis. LC carried out the immunohistochemical study. HJW collected tumor tissues. HC conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis; the 5-year survival rate in only 3% and the median survival rate is KU-57788 clinical trial only 6 months[1]. It is also associated with aggressive cancer

cells, and metastatic disease that results from a lack of early-stage diagnostic methods and effective therapies. Adhesiveness and invasiveness of cancer cells play a central role in pancreatic cancer progression [2, 3]. Mucins are highly glycosylated glycoproteins that are the major components of the viscous https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html mucous gel covering the surface of epithelial tissues [4]. Changes in mucin expression or glycosylation accompany the development of cancer and influence cellular growth, differentiation, transformation, adhesion, invasion and immune surveillance [5]. Several papers have described the relationship between mucin and pancreatic cancer, for example, de novo expression of MUC5AC frequently occurs in intraductal papillary mucinous tumors and pancreatic adenocarcinoma [6–8], while Takikita et al. reported that borderline statistically significant associations are seen between expression of MUC5AC and shorter survival time in patients CYTH4 with pancreatic cancer [8]. However, the function of MUC5AC remains uncertain. In this study, we examined the impact of MUC5AC in a human pancreatic cancer cell line. Small interfering RNA has recently been developed as a

powerful tool to suppress the expression of specific gene products [9–11]. Previous studies on MUC1 suppression [10–12] in lung, breast and pancreatic cancer cells reported increased sensitivity to genotoxic drugs both in vitro and in vivo [11]. We down-regulated MUC5AC expression by siRNA and investigated the effects on the malignant and metastatic potential of human pancreatic cancer cell lines, SW1990 and BxPC3. Methods Cell lines and culture conditions The human pancreatic cancer cell lines of SW1990, BxPC3 and PCI-64 were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, as described previously [13]. The stable cell line si-SW1990 and si-BxPC3, created by siRNA transfection of parental cells respectively, was maintained in the above medium containing 500 μg/ml Geneticin (Invitrogen Japan, Tokyo, JAPAN). Cells were cultured at 37°C under 5% CO2 in incubators with 100% humidity.

coli obtained from blood, stool and urine obtained from hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients seeking

treatment in Kenyan hospitals during an 18-year period (1992 to 2010). Results Phenotypic diversity of β-lactamase-producers None of the 912 isolates tested in this study were resistant to carbapenems. Cefepime, (a fourth generation cephalosporin), cefoxitin (a cephamycin), and piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP), were effective against majority (60%) of these isolates. The NSBL-like phenotype was the most dominant phenotype in our collection and was observed in 278 (30%) of the 912 isolates compared to 73 (8%), 247 (27%), 220 (24%) and 94 (10%) of isolates found to exhibit IRT-, ESBL-, CMT and pAmpC-like phenotypes respectively, check details Table 1. Based on resistance phenotypes, 247 ESBL-producers fit into two sets. The first set comprised of 142 isolates exhibiting resistance Baf-A1 chemical structure to combinations of aztreonam and

multiple cephalosporins including ceftazidime. The other set of 105 isolates were resistant to the same panel of antibiotics but not to ceftazidime. The 220 isolates with a CMT-like phenotype were resistant to all generations of cephalosporins but were susceptible to cephamycins and carbapenems. Resistance to all β-lactamase inhibitors including TZP was observed in 160 (73%) of the CMT-producers. Among 40 isolates with a CMT-like phenotype that had intermediate resistance to TZP, tiny ghost zones (≤ 3 mm) were observed between amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) and ceftazidime (CAZ) and/or Cefotaxime (CTX). These isolates therefore exhibited a combination of both ESBL- and CMT-like phenotypes. The most resistant strains were those exhibiting a pAmpC-like phenotype. These 94 isolates comprising about 10% of all the isolates in our collection were resistant to most generations of cephalosporins and β-lactamase inhibitors including TZP but were susceptible to carbapenems. Table 1 β-lactamase phenotypes encountered acetylcholine among the 912 strains analyzed Antibiotics

to which isolates were resistant Penicillins, 1st & 2nd generation cephalosporins 3rd Generation cephalosporins & Monobactams 4th Generation cephalosporins inhibitors Cephamycins Most probable Phenotypea Total (%)n = 912 AMP, KF, AMX − − − − NSBL 103 (11) AMP, AMX, KF OXA − − − − NSBL 175 (19) AMP, AMX, KF OXA − − AMC, AMS − IRT 65 (7) AMP, KF, AMX, − − AMC, AMS − IRT 8 (1) AMP, AMX, KF, CXM CTXb, AZTb − − − ESBL 105 (12) AMP, AMX , KF, CXM CTX, CAZ*, AZT − − − ESBL 75 (8) AMP, AMX, OXA KF, CXM CTXb, CAZb, AZT FEP AMS − ESBL 67 (7) AMP, AMX, OXA KF, CXM CTX, CAZ*, AZT FEP AMC, AMS − CMT 40 (4) AMP, AMX, OXA, KF, CXM CTX, CAZ, AZT FEP AMC, AMS, TZP − CMT 180 (20) AMP, AMX, OXA KF, CXM CTX, CAZ, AZT FEP AMC, AMS, TZP FOX pAmpC 94 (10) Resistance phenotypes of the 912 isolates investigated.