Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge

the f

Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge

the financial support grant 2005/55079-4; 2008/52819-5 and 2013/02632-4, São Paulo Research Foundation www.selleckchem.com/products/incb28060.html (FAPESP) and Dr. Paloma Liras (Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, Spain) for kindly donating E. coli ESS 2235, a test organism www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2874455.html supersensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics. References 1. Challis GL, Hopwood DA: Synergy and contingency as driving forces for the evolution of multiple secondary metabolite production by Streptomyces species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:14555–14561.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 2. Omstead DR, Hunt GH, Buckland BC: Commercial production of cephamycin antibiotics. In Comprehensive biotechnology. Edited by: Moo-Young

M. New Jersey: Pergamon Press; 1985:187–210. 3. Goldstein EJC, Citron DM: Annual incidence, epidemiology, and comparative in vitro susceptibilities to cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefmetazole, and ceftizoxime of recent community-acquired isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis . J Clin Microbiol 1988, 26:2361–2366.PubMedCentralPubMed 4. Domingues LCG, Teodoro JC, Hokka CO, Badino AC, Araujo MLGC: Optimisation selleck inhibitor of the glycerol-to-ornithine molar ratio in the feed medium for Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) the continuous production of clavulanic acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus . Biochem Eng J 2010, 53:7–11.CrossRef 5. de la

Fuente A, Lorenzana LM, Martín JF, Liras P: Mutants of Streptomyces clavuligerus with disruptions in different genes for clavulanic acid biosynthesis produce large amounts of holomycin: possible crossregulation of two unrelated secondary metabolic pathways. J Bacteriol 2002, 184:6559–6565.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 6. Kenig M, Reading C: Holomycin and an antibiotic (MM 19290) related to tunicamycin, metabolites of Streptomyces clavuligerus . J Antibiot 1979, 32:549–554.PubMedCrossRef 7. Price NPJ, Tsvetanova B: Biosynthesis of the tunicamycins: a review. J Antibiot 2007, 60:485–491.PubMedCrossRef 8. Khetan A, Malmberg LH, Kyung YS, Sherman DH, Hu WS: Precursor and cofactor as a check valve for cephamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus . Biotechnol Prog 1999, 15:1020–1027.PubMedCrossRef 9. Tahlan K, Anders C, Jensen SE: The paralogous pairs of genes involved in clavulanic acid and clavam metabolite biosynthesis are differently regulated in Streptomyces clavuligerus . J Bacteriol 2004, 186:6286–6297.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 10.

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