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the manuscript. MJK helped to conceive the study, participated in the experimental design and coordination, and helped to draft the manuscript. Both have given final approval to this work and have no conflicts of interest to report.”
“Background Brucella is the etiologic agent of brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis that affects a broad range of mammals, including ADP ribosylation factor humans [1]. Brucella is considered as a facultative intracellular pathogen that enters various cell types during the infection process, including macrophages and epithelial cells, and ultimately survives and multiplies inside these cells [2]. After internalization, intracellular Brucella resides within a vacuole (BCV for Brucella-containing vacuole) that interacts with early endosomes [3] and then transiently acquire markers of late endosomes such as LAMP1. In epithelial cells and macrophages, non-opsonized bacteria replicate finally in a compartment characterized by the presence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers [[4–7]].