g., Wykoff et al. 1998; Melis et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2002; Antal et al. 2003; the cited articles also provide details about technical setup and culture treatment). For example, the efficiency of PSII primary photochemistry in C. reinhardtii can readily be calculated from the variable to maximal (F v/F max) fluorescence yield ratio (Kitajima and Butler 1975). “Healthy” C. reinhardtii learn more cells growing in TAP Selleckchem Ferrostatin-1 medium and being in the mid-exponential growth phase usually exhibit F v/F max values (F v/F max = variable fluorescence in dark-adapted cells; allows determination of maximum quantum efficiency of PSII primary photochemistry)

of 0.6–0.7 (e.g., Wykoff et al. 1998; Zhang et al. 2002; Makarova et al. 2007) and ΔF/F max′ values (ΔF/F max′ = variable fluorescence in light-adapted cells;

allows the determination of open reaction centers in the light) of 0.5–0.6 (e.g., Wykoff et al. 1998; Antal et al. 2003). Following a transfer of the microalgal cultures from an S-replete growth medium to a TAP-S medium, F v/F max declines exponentially check details in the light with a half-time of about 17 h, from about F v/F max = 0.58 at t = 0 h to about F v/F max = 0.08 at t = 60 h. At longer periods of incubation under S-deprivation (t > 60 h), F v/F max remains constant at about the 0.08 level (Zhang et al. 2002). Lack of sulphur-nutrients from the growth medium also brings about a prompt but reversible inhibition of acetylcholine oxygenic photosynthesis, occurring in tandem with the decline in F v/F max, with a half-time of about 17 h (Zhang et al. 2002). One reason for such inhibition under TAP-S conditions is the apparent chloroplast inability to do high rates of de novo protein biosynthesis, needed for the frequent replacement of the D1/32 kD reaction center protein in the H2O-oxidizing PSII complex (Mattoo and Edelman 1987; Melis 1999). In the absence of S, which is an essential component of cysteine and methionine amino acids, protein biosynthesis

is impeded and the PSII repair cycle is severely retarded (Wykoff et al. 1998). Application of the chlorophyll fluorescence techniques to C. reinhardtii, is subject to some peculiarities specific for this green microalga. For example, state transitions in C. reinhardtii differ from those in higher plants. In the latter, only a 15–20% fraction of light harvesting complex II (LHCII) participates in state transitions. In C. reinhardtii, a much larger fraction of PSII Chl antennae is involved in state transitions (Bassi and Wollman 1991), and a much larger decrease in PSII energy capture is observed (Delosme et al. 1994, 1996). In maximal state 2, electrons for reducing the cytochrome b 6 f complex do not originate from PSII, but from PSI (Finazzi et al. 1999), and PSII appears to be disconnected from the remainder of the electron transport chain. In fact, in C.