Interestingly the less number of gold particles was found in the MSP2 strain as low amount of GS expression and PLG formation. Figure 6 Immunogold localization of PLG in the cell wall of mycobacteria during nitrogen availability. Shown are transmission electron micrographs of the wild type M. bovis and recombinant M. smegmatis strain (MSFP, MSP1 and MSP2) in low and high nitrogen condition. The black arrows shown in the images marked the gold particle around the cell wall periphery in low nitrogen condition. Effect on biofilm formation It was earlier

reported that a ∆glnA1 strain of M. bovis that lack PLG layer in the cell Lorlatinib cost wall was found to be defective in biofilm formation [8]. Our studies on biofilm formation were found to be in accordance with earlier reports. MSFP and M. bovis strains were defective in forming biofilm in high nitrogen on a polystyrene surface. Both strains showed ~ 25% reduction in biofilm formation in high nitrogen condition as compared to low nitrogen condition while M. smegmatis strain showed no difference in the biofilm formation (Figure 7A and B). The pellicle formation for the MSFP and M. bovis strains were also significantly less in high nitrogen as compared to the low

nitrogen condition (Figure 7C). Interestingly, the pellicle formation by M. smegmatis strain complemented with M. bovis glnA1 was enhanced than the wild type. It reiterates the involvement of glnA1 in modulating the cell surface properties of mycobacteria Selleck FK228 [8]. Figure 7 Biofilm and pellicle formation under low and high nitrogen condition. A. M. bovis, wild type M. smegmatis and MSFP were grown 7H9 medium to form biofilm in low and high nitrogen medium. B. Biofilm formation assayed using the 1% crystal violet (CV) staining assay. Cells in low nitrogen (black bars), High nitrogen (crossed bars) and control (grey bars) in 7H9 media were grown in low and high nitrogen on polystyrene plates. The experiments were repeated three times with similar result. Control, medium only. C. Pellicle formation at the air-liquid interface of the standing 7H9 culture by strains M. bovis

(i), M. smegmatis (ii) and MSFP (iii) in low and high nitrogen condition. Results are representative Anacetrapib of at least three independent experiments. LN, low nitrogen; HN, high nitrogen. Discussion Nitrogen metabolism has been studied in detail in industrially important organisms such as Streptomyces and Corynebacteria but there have been very few reports on nitrogen metabolism of mycobacterial species. Earlier, several studies have reported that glnA1 gene is up-regulated in nitrogen starvation in M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis[5, 12] but this study emphasizes on behaviour of glnA1 locus of M. bovis at both transcriptional and translational levels by altering nitrogen concentration in the medium. Also nitrogen conditions modulate the cell wall properties by altering synthesis of PLG layer in mycobacteria.