Year Urine Blood Wound Pus Catheter tip Ascetic Fluid Eye Pleural Fluid Sputum Amiri (ADA) 9 2010                   2011           1       2012 8                 Ahamdi (KOC) 57 2010 38 5 2 2 2       1 2011 3                 2012 3     1           Yiaco-Adan (Y) 17 2010                   2011                   2012 13   2       1 1   PCR amplification and sequencing Table 3 shows the distribution of the bla genes among the 83 isolates of E. coli O25b-ST131. Four (4.8%) did not contain any of the β-lactamase

selleck inhibitor enzymes while the majority (95.2%) harboured at least one β-lactamase resistance gene. Two isolates harboured bla CTX-M-2 and bla CTX-M-56. bla NDM, bla IMP and bla VIM genes were not found. ISEcp1 was detected upstream region of 25 (33%) of the bla CTX-M-15 positive isolates. bla CMY-2 was only detected in four isolates (4.8%). IS elements were detected in 2 bla CMY-2 positive isolates, 1 contained class 1 integrons and 1 class II integrons. Table 3 Molecular characterization of bla genes among E. coli O25b-B2-ST131in Kuwait Profiles of the antibiotic resistance genes No.

of isolates (%) bla TEM-1 2 (2.4) bla SHV-12 1 (1.2) bla CTX-M-2 1 (1.2) bla CTX-M-15 32 (38.6) bla CTX-M-56 1 (1.2) bla TEM-1, bla SHV-12 1 (1.2) bla CTX-M-15, bla SHV-12 9 (10.8) bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1 21 (25.3) bla CTX-M-15, bla TEM-1, bla SHV-12 12 (14.5) Class 1 integrons were identified in 30 (36.1%) isolates

and only 5 (6%) LY3039478 datasheet contained class II integrons. None of the isolates contained both classes of integrons. Quinolone resistance determinants All but two isolates were resistant or had intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC > 2 mg/l). Two sensitive isolates did not contain aac(6’)-Ib Ib-cr (isolates Y-116 and Y-159). We did not detect qnrA gene in any of the isolates tested. Three isolates harboured qnrB1 and 4 harboured qnrS1. qnrB1 and qnrS1 coexisted in only 2 isolates (Table 4). Table 4 Idoxuridine The profile of quinolone resistant E. coli O25b-B2-ST131isolates Profiles of the antibiotic resistance genes No. of Isolates bla CTX-M-56, bla cmy-2, qnrB1 1 bla CTX-M-15, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, bla TEM-1, qnrB1 1 bla CTX-M-15, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, bla OXA-1, bla TEM-1, qnrB1, ISEcp1 1 bla CTX-M-15, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, bla OXA-1,, bla TEM-1, qnrS1, ISEcp1 1 bla CTX-M-15, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, bla OXA-1,, qnrB1, qnrS1 2 bla CTX-M-15, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, bla OXA-1,, qnrS1, ISEcp1 2 bla CTX-M-15, qnrS1, bla OXA-1,, ISEcp1 1 Total 9 Fifty six (67.5%) isolates carried aac(6’)-Ib Ib-cr. Among the aac(6’)-Ib Ib-cr negative strains (27/83) 32.5%, 1 isolate carried qnrB1 and bla CTX-M-56 (KOC-10) and 1 isolate carried qnrS1 (ADA-234).