Combining these three factors (103, 3, and 105) with the 10 days of the original experiment, we estimate that the timescale for prebiotic symmetry breaking is \(\cal O(3\times10^9)\) days, which is equivalent to the order of about ten million years. This extrapolation ignores the time required to arrive at the initial enantiomeric excesses of 5% used by Viedma (2005) from a small asymmetry caused by either a random fluctuation or by the parity-violation.

Although the observed chiral structures are the minimum energy configurations as predicted by parity violation, there is an evens probability that the observed TPCA-1 nmr handedness could simply be the result of a random fluctuation which was amplified by the same mechanisms. In order to perform an example calculation, we take a random fluctuation of the size predicted by parity violation, which is of the order of 10 − 17, as suggested

by Kondepudi and Nelson (1984). Our goal is now to find the time taken to amplify this to an \(\cal O(1)\) (5%) enantiomeric excess. The models derived in this paper, for example in “Asymptotic Limit 2: α ∼ ξ ≫ 1”, predict that the chiral excess grows exponentially in time. Assuming, from Eq. 5.69, that \(\phi(t_0)=10^-17\) and ϕ(t 1) = 0.1, then the timescale selleck products for the growth of this small perturbation is $$ t_1 – t_0 = \frac14\mu\nu \sqrt\frac\xi\varrho\beta \log \frac10^-110^-17 . $$Since the growth of enantiomeric excess is exponential, it only takes 16 times as long for the perturbation to grow from 10 − 17 to 10 − 1 as from 10 − 1 to 1. Hence we only need to increase our estimate of the timescale by one power of ten, to 100 million years. This estimate should be taken as a very rough estimate, since it relies on extrapolating results by many orders of magnitude. Also, given the vast differences in temperature from the putative subzero prebiotic world to a tentative hot hydrothermal vent, there could easily be changes in timescale by a factor of several orders of magnitude. Conclusions After summarising

the existing models of chiral Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II symmetry-breaking processes we have systematically derived a model in which through aggregation and fragmentation chiral clusters compete for achiral material. The model is closed, in that there is no input of mass into the system, although the form of the aggregation and fragmentation rate coefficients mean that there is an input of energy, keeping the system away from equilibrium. Furthermore, there is no direct interaction of clusters of opposite handedness; rather just through a simple competition for achiral substrate, the system can spontaneously undergo chiral symmetry-breaking. This model helps explain the experimental results of Viedma (2005) and Noorduin et al. (2008).