However, there were some discrepancies. For example, the substitution of a basic amino acid in the ECOR 53 and 60 strains by a neutral amino acid in the ECOR 61 and 62 strains (R?C) corresponded to a faster migration in the ECOR 61 and 62 strains (Mf values 62 versus 60), with no effect on pI (4.85) (Fig. 1). Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of Aes sequences from the 72 ECOR strains and 6 E. coli reference strains. The tree was reconstructed with PHYML [50]. E. fergusonii was used as an outgroup. Bootstraps

are shown for values higher than 70%. Differences in amino acids are indicated on the branches. Differences for each branch were derived from comparison of consensus MM-102 amino-acid sequences of the ancestors and descendants. Boxed amino-acid substitutions correspond to substitutions that change the overall pI of the protein. The phylogenetic groups A (blue box), VX-680 B1 (green box), B2 (red box), D (yellow box) and ungrouped strains (UG) (white box), click here electrophoretic mobilities (Mf) obtained by polyacrylamide agarose gel electrophoresis [10] and the observed [10] and theoretical pI of Aes are indicated. nd: non determined. -: non significant results. A more

complex pattern of polymorphism was found among the A, B1 and D phylogenetic group strains. Taking the most frequent esterase B electrophoretic variant (pI: 4.60 and Mf 70) detected in the phylogenetic group A and D strains, an acidic to neutral amino-acid change (E?G) led to an increase in

pI (from 4.60 to 4.75) and a decrease of Mf (from 70 to 68) of the esterase B variant, as expected. This amino-acid change was detected in 11 strains in the phylogenetic group A (Fig. 1). In contrast, several MRIP discrepancies were found among strains belonging to the phylogenetic B1 group: Aes polymorphism included several substitutions of neutral to neutral amino acids but with increased pI values (from 4.60 to 4.75) and in some cases paradoxical increases of Mf values (from 70 to 72) was observed (Fig. 1). These apparent discrepancies may be due to the effects of conformational or post-translational modifications of the protein. The phylogenetic history of aes reflects the species phylogeny To determine the evolutionary history of aes, we tested for selection using the aes sequence from 78 studied strains. First, we used a one-ratio model (M0) to estimate the average ratio ω (dN/dS) for all sites and all lineages at 0.18. The likelihood ratio test suggested that aes was under strong global purifying selection (compared to the neutral hypothesis which is ω = 0). The M1a, M2a, M7 and M8 models, estimating the selection on specific codons, confirmed that the vast majority (91%) of the sites are under negative selection. Finally, the branch-site model A did not detect positive selection along the branch separating group B2 from group non-B2 strains.