2011.64; published online 27
April 2011″
“Malaria continues to be an enormous global health challenge, with millions of new infections and deaths reported annually. This is partly due to the development of resistance by the malaria parasite to the majority of established anti-malarial drugs, a situation that continues to hamper attempts at controlling the disease. This has spurred intensive drug discovery endeavours geared towards identifying novel, highly active anti-malarial drugs, and the identification PFTα price of quality leads from natural sources would greatly augment these efforts. The current reality is that other than compounds that have their foundation in historic natural products, there are no other compounds in drug discovery as part of lead optimization projects selleckchem and preclinical development or further that have originated
from a natural product start-point in recent years. This paper briefly presents both classical as well as some more modern, but underutilized, approaches that have been applied outside the field of malaria, and which could be considered in enhancing the potential of natural products to provide or inspire the development of anti-malarial lead compounds.”
“Background: In melanoma patients vaccinated with monocyte-derived melanoma peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC), the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions have been examined as a surrogate marker to determine if acquired immunity is induced by DC vaccination. To date, however, only limited information has been reported as for histopathological analyses of DTH.\n\nObjective: To evaluate tumor-specific immunomonitoring histopathologically after DC vaccination in melanoma patients.\n\nMethods: Seven patients previously
vaccinated with monocyte-derived melanoma peptide-pulsed DCs were challenged with recall antigenic peptide injection in the skin of the forearm. Using immunohistochemical techniques, the presence of immune cells and the expression of CD4, CD8, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, Foxp3, CD1a, CD1d, and interferon (IFN)-gamma was investigated at the site of injection where a DTH reaction developed.\n\nResults: Strong DTH reactions from infiltrated erythema to bullae formation were detected in all 7 cases. Biopsies learn more taken from the DTH site revealed heavy infiltration of mononuclear cells and eosinophils in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Cells staining positively for CD4. CD8, IL-2, IL-4, Foxp3. CD1d, and IFN-gamma were increased at the site 48 h after antigen injection in all cases. Cells positive for IL-10 were never found in any patient. Regulatory T cells appeared 6 h after injection and reached their maximum at day 7.\n\nConclusions: The significant induction of CD8(+)T cells as well as both Th1 and Th2-type cells at the site of DTH suggests that effective antigen presentation leading to anti-tumor immune responses has taken place.