3a). It was important to verify that the C-terminal HemA truncations encode functional enzymes and exhibit normal regulation. Plasmid-encoded, truncated, and tagged S. enterica hemA complemented an E. coli hemA mutant. Regulation in response to heme was tested by Western blot (Fig. 3b). To eliminate the possibility that a partial defect in the enzyme activity of the truncated proteins could affect the results of the test, an E. coli host that is wild type for hemA was used, and the plasmid-encoded proteins were specifically detected by an additional C-terminal FLAG tag. Truncated HemA exhibited

normal regulation in response to heme limitation. His-tagged C-terminally truncated HemA was selleck chemical purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified protein was red in color, suggesting the presence of bound heme. The absorption spectrum of purified HemA protein (Fig. 1a) contains features characteristic of heme, including a prominent peak at 424 nm (the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk126.html Soret band). Upon reduction with Na-dithionite, the peak at 424 nm became sharper and shifted toward a longer wavelength (426 nm), and two other peaks appeared: one at 530 nm and another at 560 nm. The spectrum of reduced heme (hemin), which was used as a control, was very similar to that of the purified protein (data not shown). Three separate protein preparations

averaged 0.055 mol heme mol−1 protein monomer as determined by the pyridine hemochromogen assay. HemA1−412 [C170A]-His6 was purified according to the Interleukin-3 receptor same protocol as that used for HemA1−412-His6. The C170A mutant protein was colorless, suggesting that it is unable to bind heme. The absence of heme was also demonstrated by its absorption spectrum, which lacks the peaks characteristic of heme-containing proteins (Fig. 1b). The HemA spectrum is that of a b-type heme; this class of molecules is attached noncovalently. Treatment with the strong denaturant, 6 M guanidine-HCl, removed a maximum of 7% of heme from HemA, and in two trials, failed

to remove any (Supporting Information). The ability to retain noncovalently bound heme in the presence of strong denaturants has been documented for other proteins (Hargrove & Olson, 1996; Wójtowicz et al., 2009). Although these results demonstrate a strong association between heme and HemA, covalent binding cannot be inferred from this assay. Thiol reagents, which have been used to distinguish covalent heme-protein bonds, are incompatible with Ni-NTA. The nature of the association between heme and HemA was further examined using a different method. Heme-associated peroxidase activity, which can be measured by standard ECL reagents (a Western blot without the antibody; Dorward, 1993), detects heme-binding proteins (such as cytochrome c). Purified proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and then assessed for heme-associated peroxidase activity.