5% of the total scaffold lengths. After using both Roxadustat chemical structure cDNA/EST and homology-based support to improve the gene models, manual annotation of many genes was completed, and the genome now has a total of 16,709 gene models. There are presently over 300,000 publicly available ESTs that were generated from cDNAs constructed from RNA isolated from cultures of Chlamydomonas exposed to a variety of physiological conditions (Asamizu et al. 1999, 2000; Shrager et al. 2003; Jain et al. 2007). Although in some cases the libraries were normalized to increase the representation of lower abundance transcripts in the EST database, the existing data

set covers a little over half of the predicted protein-coding gene models, with only about half of those covering full-length (or nearly full-length) transcripts. Hence, only ~25% of the protein-coding gene models are accurately computed and verified by transcript maps. Comparisons of the Chlamydomonas gene models to those of the close relative Volvox (shown on the Vista track of the JGI browser) and to available cDNA information, suggest that many JGI models are missing either the entire or part of the 5′ and

3′ UTRs, with several also under-predicted Hydroxychloroquine supplier for the number of exons. Since in-depth sequencing of cDNA libraries may still not capture genes encoding low abundance transcripts and maximizing sequence information from cDNA libraries is neither time-efficient nor cost-effective, present efforts are directed toward the use of next generation transcript re-sequencing technologies (in which cDNA fragments derived from RNAs isolated from various conditions are sequenced without cloning) to generate new gene models and to correct Immune system those that have been previously constructed. The rapid expansion of genomic sequence information for Chlamydomonas has also stimulated the establishment of strong proteomic initiatives (Stauber and Hippler 2004; Wagner et al. 2004, 2008, 2009; Keller et al. 2005; Schmidt et al. 2006; Naumann et al. 2007; Ozawa et

al. 2009; Rolland et al. 2009) and integrative systems databases (May et al. 2008, 2009). Much of our attention has been focused on mechanisms of photosynthetic electron transport and its regulation and identification of specific genes/proteins associated with functional and regulatory aspects of photosynthesis, with an emphasis on acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to environmental change. With the genomic sequence information collected for Chlamydomonas and other photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms, we are now in a position to perform comparative genomic analyses to link genes/proteins that have no assigned functions to specific biological processes. The Greencut The photosynthetic eukaryotic lineage comprising the Plantae is thought to have a single evolutionary origin that was initiated with the engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a non-photosynthetic protist.