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“In between-hand choice reaction time tasks, the motor cortex involved in the required response is activated while

the motor cortex involved in the non-required response is inhibited. Such an inhibition could be implemented actively between the responses defined as possible alternatives by the task instructions or, alternatively, could passively result from some kind of “”reciprocal inhibition” Nec-1s molecular weight between the two motor cortices. The present study addressed this issue. To this end, we compared the surface Laplacian transforms of electroencephalographic (EEG) waves recorded over the contralateral and ipsilateral motor cortices in between-hand and within-hand choice conditions. The dynamics of the recorded EEG activities suggest that inhibition is implemented in a Lonafarnib feed-forward manner between the cortical zones controlling the different response

alternatives rather than between homologous motor cortical structures.”
“In the present study, multielectrode array (MEA) recording was used to illustrate the spatial temporal progression of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity following stimulation of the thalamus in a thalamocingulate pathway-preserved slice. The MEA was placed under the slice that contained the ACC, and 60 channels of extracellular local field potentials evoked by bipolar electrical stimulation within the thalamus were analyzed. Several distinct thalamic-evoked responses were identified. The early negative component (N1; amplitude, -35.7 +/- 5.9 mu V) emerged in layer VI near the cingulum 8.4 +/- 0.5 ms after stimulation. N1 progressed upward to layers V and II/III in a lateral-to-medial direction. Subsequently, a positive component (P; amplitude, 27.0 +/- 3.2 mu

V) appeared 12.0 +/- 0.6 ms after stimulation in layer VI. At 26.8 +/- 1.1 ms, a second negative component (N2; amplitude, -20.9 +/- 2.7 mu V) became apparent in layers II/III and V, followed by a more ventrolateral component (N3; amplitude, -18.9 +/- 2.9 mu V) at 42.8 +/- 2.6 ms. These two late components spread downward to layer VI in a medial-to-lateral direction. Selisistat The trajectory paths of the evoked components were consistently represented with varied medial thalamic stimulation intensities and sites. Both AMPA/kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors involved in monosynaptic and polysynaptic transmission participated in this thalamocortical pathway. Morphine mainly diminished the two negative synaptic components, and this suppressive effect was reversed by naloxone. The present study confirmed that functional thalamocingulate activity was preserved in the brain-slice preparation. The thalamus-evoked responses were activated and progressed along a deep surface-deep trajectory loop across the ACC layers. Glutamatergic neurotransmitters were crucially involved in information processing. Opioid interneurons may play a modulatory role in regulating the signal flows in the cingulate cortex. (C) 2012 IBRO.