assessmentcenter.net) have resulted in broad uptake of the PROMIS item banks among the behavioral research community. selleck chem Temsirolimus The PROMIS Smoking Initiative, funded through a 5-year grant by National Institute on Drug Abuse to the RAND Corporation (Principal Investigator: ME), has the goal of developing, evaluating, and making widely available a set of item banks that can form the basis for standardized assessment of smoking behavior and the biopsychosocial constructs that can be used to predict smoking outcomes. The PROMIS Smoking Initiative involves several detailed steps and procedures (see Cella et al.

, 2007 for details of the PROMIS approach) including (a) collecting all the existing scales and items that are used to assess key assessment domains (see Shadel & Shiffman, 2005), (b) reviewing items from all the scales to eliminate redundant and poorly worded items, (c) incorporating feedback from focus groups and cognitive interviews to further refine item wording and format, and (d) analyzing data from large representative samples to evaluate the psychometric properties of the items through factor analysis and item response theory calibration. The item banks that result from this initiative will be included in the larger PROMIS framework and be made widely available to the research community. Detailed descriptions of this work and results from the PROMIS Smoking Initiative will be available in future reports. Funding This research was funded by R01DA026943 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Declaration of Interests None declared.

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the PROMIS Smoking Initiative Group: Li Cai, Ronald D. Hays, and Michael Ong, University of California, Los Angeles; David Cella, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Daniel McCaffrey, RAND Corporation; Raymond Niaura, American Legacy Foundation; Paul Pilkonis, University of Pittsburgh; and David Thissen, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Tobacco use is largely driven by nicotine dependence, characterized as commonly involving cycles of repeated quit attempts and relapse (Fiore et al., 2008). Traditional models of nicotine dependence treatment offer only a single short-term (i.e., 1�C12 weeks) intervention and do not include a mechanism for assisting those not interested in quitting, those not responsive to treatment, or those who relapse (Fiore et al.

, 2008). Evaluation of these interventions is commonly limited to 6- or 12-month follow-up. KanQuit was designed to provide the support systems Carfilzomib needed to address nicotine dependence as a chronic disease, using the Chronic Care Model (Ellerbeck et al., 2009). The study enrolled rural smokers from primary care practices, independent of interest in stopping smoking, and compared varying intensities of disease management (pharmacotherapy alone or with disease management and motivational counseling).