emm12 was the predominant type found between 2000–2001, accounting for 87.1% and 57.1% of the total isolates in 2000 and 2001, respectively. It became the predominant type again in 2005 and 2006, accounting for 69.3% of the isolates in 2006. emm1 was predominant in 2002, emm4 was most prevalent in 2003 and 2004, and emm6 emerged in 2001 but was not detected again after 2003. Table 2 Distribution of emm types in Streptococcus pyogenes isolates collected in central Taiwan from 2000 to 2006 emm Type Number (%) of isolates in year Total   2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006   emm12 121 (87.1) 88 (57.1) 64 (23.4) 17 (13.9) 45 (39.1) 112 (64.4) 167 (69.3) 614 (50.4)

emm4 11 (7.9) 21 (13.6) 58 (21.2) 54 (44.3) 57 (49.6) 39 (22.4) 43 (17.8) 283 (23.2) emm1 4 (2.9) 35 (22.7) www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-431542.html 111 (40.7) 26 (21.3) 9 (7.8) 10 (5.7) 5 (2.1) 200 (16.4) emm6 0 (0.0) 6 (3.9) 26 (9.5) 14 (11.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 46 (3.8) emm22 1 (0.7) 1 (0.6) 2 (0.7) 1 (0.8) 3 (2.6) 10 (5.7) 18 (7.5) 36 (3.0) Other* 2 (1.4) 3 (1.9) 12 (4.4) 10 (8.2) 4 (3.5) 0 (0.0) 8 (3.3) 39 (3.2) Total 139 154 273 122 115 174 241 1218 *18 emm types: emm2 (5 isolates), emm11 (11), emm28 (1), emm49 (5), emm58 (1), emm76 (1), emm77 (1), emm81 (1), emm82 (1), emm89 (3), emm92 (1), emm101 (1), emm102 (1), emm103 (1),

st2904 (2), st5282 (1), stG485 (1), stIL103 (1) PFGE and emm genotypes The 1,218 S. pyogenes isolates were analyzed by PFGE with SmaI to LY3023414 mouse investigate the clonal relationship among the isolates. There were 127 isolates with DNA resistant to SmaI digestion, and their pattern (with only one DNA band) was referred to as a SPYS16.0026 PFGE-SmaI type. The 127 isolates with the SPYS16.0026 genotype were further analyzed by digestion with SgrAI. The genetic relatedness of the bacterial strains was evaluated by the levels of similarity among the PFGE-SmaI patterns. A dendrogram was constructed using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmatic mean (UPGMA) algorithm. The dendrogram revealed that all of the emm4 and emm6 isolates,

as well as the majority of emm1 and emm22 isolates, were each distributed Edoxaban in a unique cluster. However, the emm12 isolates were located in two distinct clusters and two ROCK inhibitor singletons (Figure 2). One of these clusters included 125 emm12 isolates that were resistant to SmaI digestion. Clustering analysis indicated that isolates with a common emm type were, in general, more closely related than those with different emm types. However, there were a few exceptions. Two strains with different emm types (emm101 and st5282) had indistinguishable PFGE-SmaI patterns, and a strain with a stIL103 type was located within the emm1 cluster (Figure 2). stIL103 is an allele of emm1 that lacks the codons encoding the mature M1 7–24 residues (http://​www.​cdc.​gov/​ncidod/​biotech/​strep/​strepindex.​htm; accessed on April 20th, 2009).