Figure 4 Expression of pmrH-lux in peg-adhered biofilms MM-102 supplier requires PhoPQ and PmrAB. (A) Gene expression was measured in plastic Selleckchem Cilengitide peg-adhered biofilms cultivated 18 hrs in NM2 media with

100 μM Mg2+, 100 μM Mg2+ then spiked with 10 mM Mg2+ for 4 hrs, 1 mM Mg2+ or 10 mM Mg2+. Values shown are the average of 8 replicates with the standard deviation of gene expression (CPS) normalized to biofilm biomass (CV). Values that differ significantly from the controls (100 μM Mg2) are marked with an asterisk (*, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001 by unpaired t test). (B) Under repressing levels of 1 mM Mg2+, pmrH-lux expression was measured in biofilms formed by 14028, phoPQ and ΔpmrAB strains. Values shown are the average of 8 replicates with the standard deviation of gene expression (CPS) normalized to biofilm biomass (CV). Values that differ significantly from the controls (14028) are marked with an asterisk (***, p < 0.001 by unpaired t test). (C) The normalized pmrH gene expression under inducing conditions (100 μM Mg2+) was divided by the normalized pmrH

expression in repressing conditions (10 mM Mg2+) and shown as a fold induction value from either peg-adhered biofilms (black bars) or planktonic cultures (grey bars). Each experiment was repeated three times. We measured pmrH-lux expression in conditions with CH5424802 mw repressing levels of Mg2+ (1 mM), and showed that pmrH expression was dependent on both PhoPQ and PmrAB in biofilms (Figure  4B). Lastly, we calculated the fold induction values of pmrH between inducing (100 μM) and repressing Mg2+ levels (10 mM), simultaneously for both peg-adhered biofilms and the planktonic cultures that served as the inoculum for the biofilms. Interestingly, pmrH was more highly expressed in biofilms when compared to planktonic cultures (27-fold higher), and expression under all conditions required PhoPQ and PmrAB (Figure  4C). We propose that the higher pmrH expression levels in biofilms may be due to the accumulation of eDNA, which increases pmrH expression in biofilms but not planktonic cultures. Conclusion We showed

evidence that extracellular DNA is a component of the S. Typhimurium Etomidate extracellular matrix when grown in biofilms. When added to planktonic cultures, eDNA chelates cations resulting in a Mg2+ limited environment and increased expression of the pmr operon. The pmr operon was more highly expressed in biofilms, when compared to planktonic cultures. Expression of pmr in biofilms and DNA-induced expression in planktonic conditions is dependent on the PhoPQ/PmrAB systems. The addition of eDNA to planktonic cultures also led to increased antimicrobial peptide resistance in a PhoPQ/PmrAB-dependent manner. Combined with our previous observations of DNA-induced antibiotic resistance mechanisms in P. aeruginosa[17], we propose that extracellular DNA has a general role as a cation chelator that induces antimicrobial peptide resistance in biofilms.