IRT0723). X.-M.W.

and H.-X.J. contributed equally to this work. “
“Survival of Escherichia coli in food depends on its ability to adapt against encountered stress typically involving induction of stress response genes. In this study, the transcriptional induction of selected acid (cadA, speF) and salt (kdpA, proP, proW, otsA, betA) stress response genes was investigated among five E. coli strains, including three Shiga toxin-producing strains, exposed to sodium chloride or lactic acid selleck screening library stress. Transcriptional induction upon lactic acid stress exposure was similar in all but one E. coli strain, which lacked the lysine decarboxylase gene cadA. In response to sodium chloride stress exposure, proW and otsA

were similarly induced, while significant differences were observed between the E. coli strains Cabozantinib mw in induction of kdpA, proP and betA. The kdpA and betA genes were significantly induced in four and three strains, respectively, whereas one strain did not induce these genes. The proP gene was only induced in two E. coli strains. Interestingly, transcriptional induction differences in response to sodium chloride stress exposure were associated with survival phenotypes observed for the E. coli strains in cheese as the E. coli strain lacking significant induction in three salt stress response genes investigated also survived poorly compared to the other E. coli strains in cheese. “
“We present the 91 500 bp mitochondrial genome of the wood-degrading selleck chemical basidiomycete Trametes cingulata and compare it with the mitochondrial genomes of five additional Basidiomycota species. The Trametes mitochondrial genome encodes 15 proteins, 25 tRNAs and the small and large rRNAs. All of the genes, except one tRNA, are found on the same DNA strand.

Several additional ORFs have also been identified; however, their sequences have not been conserved across the species we compared and they show no similarity to any known gene, suggesting that they may not correspond to authentic genes. The presence of endonuclease-like sequences in introns suggests a mechanism that explains the diversity of mitochondrial genome sizes that are unrelated to the gene content. It is generally accepted that mitochondria have a monophyletic origin and represent an ancient symbiosis between a free-living Alphaproteobacterium and an autotrophic archebacterium (Gray & Doolittle, 1982; Martin & Muller, 1998). While most of the ancestral alphaproteobacterial genes have been lost or transferred to the nucleus, mitochondria usually maintain about 30–40 transcribed genes, although the number varies from 3 to 67 (Adams & Palmer, 2003). Mitochondrial genomes vary in size from about 20 kb in protozoa, fungi and animals to more than 200 kb in plants (Lang et al., 1999). Of the 70 fungal mitochondrial genomes available at NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/GenomesGroup.