Methods Viruses and cells As shown in Table 9, twenty-four human H5N1 influenza strains (clade 2.1) isolated from Indonesia were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Indonesia. Twelve avian H5N1 www.selleckchem.com/products/XL880(GSK1363089,EXEL-2880).html influenza strains isolated from Indonesia were collected by the faculty of veterinary medicine, Bogor agriculture university, Indonesia. Forty-six H5 influenza strains were tested in Wantai biotechnology company, China. Five non-H5 subtype strains were obtained from the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority

of Singapore. Sixteen H1N1, six H3N2, and four influenza B virus strains were isolated from human clinical samples by the Department of Selleck PF-6463922 Pathology, Singapore General Hospital. The remaining H5 and non H5 influenza viruses were generated with reverse genetics in our lab as described previously [22]. All of HA and NA genes were synthesized by GenScript. The reassortant viruses were rescued by transfecting plasmids containing HA and NA www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBW2992.html together with the remaining six gene plasmids derived from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) into a coculture

of 293T and MDCK cells. All of H5N1 and non-H5N1 strains studied in the laboratory in Singapore are listed in Table 5 and 6. Viruses were inoculated into the allantoic cavities of 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs and harvested following 48 h of incubation at 37°C. Virus titers were determined using hemagglutination assays according to standard methods [19]. H5N1 Aprepitant subtype viruses were inactivated with formaldehyde as described previously [23]. All experiments with live H5N1 and H7N7 subtype viruses were performed in a biosafety level 3 containment laboratory in compliance with CDC/NIH and WHO recommendations and also were approved by the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority and the Ministry of Health of Singapore. Table 9 Summary of the viruses tested in this study Source Type Number MOH, Indonesia H5N1 24 Bogor, Indonesia H5N1 12 Wantai, China H5 46 Reverse genetics, in house H5N1 16 AVA, Singapore non H5N1(one H5N2, one H5N3) 7 SGH, Singapore

non H5 26 Reverse genetics, in house non H5 9 Total H5 100 Total non H5 40 MDCK cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Cells were propagated in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Virus stocks were grown in MDCK cells in DMEM supplemented with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 200 ng/ml of trypsin. Preparation and purification of Mabs Hybridomas secreting specific Mabs were derived from BALB/c mice which had been immunized twice intramuscularly with purified H5N1 AIV in 0.1 ml of PBS, emulsified with an equal volume of adjuvant (SEPPIC, France). An intraperitoneal booster of the same dose of H5N1 virus was given three days before splenocytes were fused to the SP/2.0 myloma cells, as previously described [24].