NCI-H446 group; **p < 0.01 represents NCI-H446/HIF-1α group vs. NCI-H446 group; ***p < 0.01 represents NCI-H446/siHIF-1α group vs. NCI-H446 group). In vivo CAM assay For the in vivo study, we used the CAM as an experimental vector to evaluate different tumor parameters. Four-day-old fertilized white leghorn chicken eggs (50 g-65 g) were incubated under 60% relative air humidity at 37°C and were rotated hourly with standing. On the third day of incubation, an irregular window (2 × 1.5 cm) was made on the top of the air chamber

at the large, blunt end of the egg. A 21-gauge needle was used to puncture the endoconch membrane. Sterilized saline (0.1 ml) was administrated by injection to detach the endoconch membrane from the CAM. A second air chamber, called the INCB024360 clinical trial flase air chamber (distinguished from the autospecific air chamber), IWR-1 solubility dmso was set up between these two membranes. The transduced and non-transduced cell suspensions (5 × 104 cells/μl) were gently pipetted onto the CAM surface with a transfer pipette. The eggs were then placed in the incubator. The engraftment growth was observed, and the tumor volume was calculated from

day 4 to day 17 using the following formula: tumor volume (mm3) = (tumor length × width2)/2. The following three experimental groups that contained 12 samples each were used in this study: NCI-H446 group (control group), NCI-H446/Ad group, NCI-H446/Ad-siRNA group, NCI-H446/HIF-1α group, and NCI-H446/siHIF-1α group. The results were analyzed using a t-test and one-way ANOVA. The angiogenic responses were evaluated from day 8 to day 17 using a stereomicroscope connected to an image analyzer system in NCI-H446/Ad group (control

group), NCI-H446/HIF-1α group, and NCI-H446/siHIF-1α group. Several parameters of angiogenesis, such as GDC-0973 concentration vessel area and number of vessel branches, were quantified by MIQAS quantified system analysis. For each filipin study group, approximately 10 to 15 domains were selected for vessel quantification, and the mean values of the vessel number and vessel density were calculated. Histological assessment of transplantation tumors in the CAM In order to identify the pathobiological characteristics of the transplantation tumors in the CAM, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate the structure of the tumors and peripheral tissues. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a specific marker of neuroendocrine tumor cells, such as SCLC cells, and is used as an important monitoring index in clinical diagnosis and therapy. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to measure the expression of NSE. All tumor tissue sections from the paraffin blocks were deparaffinized, and endogenous peroxidases were inhibited with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 30 min. Antigen retrieval was achieved using 0.05% protease XIV at 37°C for 5 min. Sections were then incubated at room temperature for 1 h with a mouse anti-human NSE primary antibody (1:40 dilution; Wuhan Boster Biological Engineering Technology Co.