Our recent study demonstrated that 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 PET enables clear visualization of tumor angiogenesis and aids in monitoring the effectiveness of antiangiogenic therapy in a mouse model [9]. Subsequently, we plan to investigate the therapeutic potential of this compound for internal radiation cancer therapy, also known as peptide receptor radionucleotide therapy (PRRT) [10].

It is important to note that 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4-based PRRT would be used in diverse solid tumor types because it targets not only αVβ3-positive tumor cells but also αVβ3-overexpressed neoendothelial cells during angiogenesis, a key event required for tumor Kinase Inhibitor Library nmr growth. However, 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 was predominantly excreted through the kidneys, with more than half of the injected radioactivity eliminated within 1 h after injection and a significant amount of radioactivity being retained in the kidneys in an αVβ3-nonspecific manner even 24 h after injection [6]. Because the kidney is the principal dose-limiting organ in internal radiotherapy with radiolabeled peptides [11], reducing the renal accumulation of 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 is an essential step before examining

its treatment potential. In general, peptides are filtered through the glomerulus and are subsequently reabsorbed by the proximal tubular cells [11]. Infusion of the amino acids lysine and arginine has been reported to reduce renal tubular reabsorption of the radiolabeled somatostatin analogs pentetreotide or octreotide in animals and humans [12], [13] and [14]. It was hypothesized that the positively charged NVP-BGJ398 concentration lysine or arginine may competitively block the binding between a peptide containing positively charged groups and a negatively charged site on the tubular cell surface. ADAMTS5 Infusion of 25 g each of l-lysine (Lys) and l-arginine, which was found to be both effective and safe, is used as a standard procedure for kidney protection during PRRT with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs [15]. Gelofusine

(GF), a succinylated gelatin solution, is a widely used plasma expander for patients suffering from massive hemorrhage, severe trauma, or dehydration. ten Dam et al. reported that infusions of low doses of GF in healthy male subjects resulted in urinary excretion of low-molecular-weight protein β2-microglobulin, suggesting that such an effect was most likely due to competitive inhibition of tubular protein reabsorption [16]. van Eerd et al. and Vegt et al. hypothesized that specific components in GF may attenuate the tubular reabsorption process. Subsequent studies on rats and mice showed that GF significantly reduced the renal uptake of 111In-octreotide as effectively as lysine did [17], and studies on healthy volunteers showed that relatively small amounts of GF (<420 mL) could effectively reduce the renal uptake of 111In-octreotide [18]. Regarding RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4, Briat et al.