Primers for human HPRT, SPHK1, SPHK2, SGPP2, and SGPL1 genes are as follows (5′–3′): HPRT, sense: TGA selleck CCT TGA TTT ATT TTG CAT ACC, antisense: CGA GCA AGA CGT TCA GTC CT, UPL probe ♯73; SPHK1, sense: CCA GAA GCC CCT GTG TAG C, antisense: TTC ATT GGT GAC CTG CTC AT, UPL probe ♯3; SPHK2, sense: TGC TCC TAC CAG CCT ACT ATG G, antisense: GCT CCT GGT CTG GCC TCT, UPL probe ♯81; SGPP2, sense: GAC CCT TAT TTA TCC AGA AGA TTG AT, antisense: CAA GAC ATC CTT GGC CAC TT, UPL probe ♯9; SGPL1, sense: CGA AGA TGA TGG AGG TGG AT, antisense: CAG ACG AGC ATG GCA GTG, UPL probe ♯80. Expression of various

cytokines/chemokines was determined essentially as described 3. Relative quantification was performed using RelQuant software (Roche Applied Sciences) and results are shown as relative or normalized ratio from specific gene to housekeeping gene (HPRT). Macrophages were generated from human monocytes in RPMI 1640, supplemented with 5% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, and GM-CSF (Leukine; 500 U/mL; Berlex Laboratories (Richmond, CA)). Between days 5 and 7 macrophages were used for knockdown experiments. Briefly,

24 h prior transfection cells were seeded in 96-well plates (105 cells/well). Validated siRNA for human SPHK1 (Hs_SPHK1_7), and a non-silencing control siRNA (Catalog ♯1022076) were purchased from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany). Transfection was performed with 60 pmol (0.15 μg) siRNA and X-tremeGENE siRNA transfection reagent (Roche Applied Science) according to the manufacturer’s https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html instructions. After 24 h transfection ROS formation was measured and RNA was isolated. In parallel we tested cell viability (annexin V/PI staining; Bender MedSystems), and transfection efficiency using Cy5-labeled non-silencing control siRNA (Qiagen). After 24 h 77±14% is viable and 57±12% of the cells were positive for Cy5-labeled siRNA. Monocytes were resuspended in RPMI 1640, supplemented with 5% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine and seeded in find more 24-well plates 2 h prior transfection

(106 cells/well). True Clone™ homo sapiens SPHK1, transcript variant 1 as transfection-ready DNA (NM_021972.2) and corresponding control vector (pCMV6-AC) were purchased from OriGene Technologies (Rockville, MD). Transfection was performed with 0.3 μg plasmid DNA and X-tremeGENE siRNA transfection reagent (Roche Applied Science) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In total, 72 h after transfection cell viability was measured (annexin V/PI staining; Bender MedSystems) and protein was isolated. In parallel we tested transfection efficiency using pmax-GFP control plasmid (Lonza AG, Köln, Germany). After 72 h 30±4% of the cells were positive for GFP. Activation of SphK1 was determined by an SphK1-specific in vitro-phosphorylation assay using sphingosine as exogenous substrate, essentially as described 43.