Strains were cultured in L-broth or on LB agar plates supplemented with ampicillin (100 μg mL−1), chloramphenicol (20 μg mL−1) or kanamycin (50 μg mL−1) as appropriate. Plasmid pCP20 (Cherepanov & Wackernagel, Regorafenib cell line 1995) was obtained from the Coli Genetic Stock Center, Yale; pBADλRed was originally from Richards (2005). The source of the kanamycin resistance marker for Red recombinase mutagenesis was pCC065 (unpublished), a pUC19 derivative

containing an aph(3′)-Ia gene flanked by FRT recognition sites for the FLP flippase recombination enzyme (Cherepanov & Wackernagel, 1995). Genomic islands were deleted by λRed

recombinase-mediated insertion of a selectable marker essentially as described previously (Mo et al., 2006). The strains generated and primers used for amplification of the kanamycin cassette are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Briefly, a kanamycin resistance cassette flanked by FRT sites was amplified from pCC065 by the PCR using primers with at least 40 bp of homology to the DNA flanking the region to be deleted, purified and electroporated into SEn Thirsk harbouring the pBADλRed helper plasmid following induction with 0.2% learn more L(+) arabinose. Transformants were selected on LB agar plates containing kanamycin and cured of pBADλRed by serial passage in the absence of ampicillin.

Ampicillin-negative colonies were selected using MAST-ID™ Intralactam circles (Mast Group ltd., Bootle, UK). Mutants were confirmed by PCR and sequencing (not shown) and transduced using bacteriophage P22int isometheptene into fresh Thirsk to reduce the likelihood of second-site mutations being responsible for any observed phenotype. The antibiotic cassette was removed by FLP-catalysed excision using the temperature-sensitive plasmid pCP20 (Cherepanov & Wackernagel, 1995), which was then cured by passage at 37 °C in the absence of selection. Mutations were confirmed by the PCR and sequencing (not shown). Motility as assessed on LB plates with 0.4% agar and exponential growth rate in L-broth at 37 °C using a Bioscreen C automated plate reader (Oy Growth Curves Ab ltd., Finland) were indistinguishable from the wild type (not shown).