The antioxidant activity found for the honeys in the present stud

The antioxidant activity found for the honeys in the present study most likely resulted from the interaction between taxifolin and the other identified phenolic compounds. Gallic acid was also found

in all the honey samples in quantities ranging from 18.2 to 92.7 μg/100 g. Indeed, the presence of gallic acid has been reported in honeys from several countries including Portugal (Andrade et al., 1997), New Zealand (Yao et al., 2003), Australia (Yao, Jiang, Singanusong, Datta, & Raymont, 2004) and selleck kinase inhibitor Brazil (Silva et al., 2013). The results of the antimicrobial activity of the honey samples CAD1, CAD2 CAD3, CAD4, SAD1, SAD2 and SAD3 are presented in Table 4. Among the studied samples, the acetate fractions corresponding to CAD4, SAD3 and CAD3 were active against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, C. krusei,

C. tropicalis and C. albicans with MIC values (minimal inhibitory concentration) ranging from 256 to 512 μg mL−1. The samples that showed the best antimicrobial activities also had the highest total phenolic contents. The antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds has been reported by several research groups in studies on Gram+ and Gram− bacteria, as well as yeasts (Estevinho et Protease Inhibitor Library cell assay al., 2008 and Kačániová et al., 2011). Two of the three honey samples that showed the highest antimicrobial activity (CAD3; CAD4) had similar phenolic profiles that were distinct from the third sample (SAD3). However, other factors, in addition to the phenolic composition, like the presence of hydrogen peroxide, catalase and glucose oxidase, which are known to be present in honeys of diverse origins (Weston, Brocklebank, & Lu, 2000), may have contributed

to the antimicrobial activity of the studied honeys. Moreover, the presence of a high content of catechol in SAD3 could contribute to its bioactivity. The honeys CAD2, CAD4 and SAD3 showing showed a high frequency of the Clidemia (Melastomataceae) and Myrcia (Myrtaceae) pollen types and together with CAD3 showed the highest total phenolic contents. In the evaluation of the antioxidant activity, PAK6 the highest ABTS + cation radical scavenging capacity was observed for the samples that displayed the highest total phenolic contents. In the antimicrobial activity tests, the best results were ascribed to samples CAD4, SAD3 and CAD3. We report the presence of the flavonoid taxifolin in honeys from stingless bees and the presence of catechol in Brazilian honey samples for the first time. The authors acknowledge the Brazilian agency Research Foundation of the State of Amazonas (FAPEAM) for the financial support. “
“Brazil is part of a new group of wine-producing countries. Wines produced in the Serra Gaúcha region, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in the South part of Brazil represent 90% of the Brazilian wine production. The cultivation of grapevines and wine production has considerable social and economic impact in this region.

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