The dielectric structure consists of essentially two titanium films separated by a copper oxide (CuO) film, which is just like as a capacitor guaranteeing the initiator will not be discharged until the external voltage

has exceeded the breakdown strength of the CuO film. Results of the electrical explosion experiment show that the breakdown strength of 1-mu m-thick CuO film is 60 V, and the initiator has “”late time discharge”" characteristics, which will improve the conversion ratio of the electricity greatly, and there is a nanoscale exothermic reaction in the electrical explosion process. A systematic temperature measurement model based on the “”double-line atomic emission spectroscopy of copper element”" was presented 4-Hydroxytamoxifen mw and used to test the explosion temperature and duration. The ejected explosion flame was seen clearly with a potential temperature exceeding 4500 K for 0.1 ms, 4250 K for 0.35 ms, and 4000 K for 0.5 ms. Besides, electric energy and exothermic reaction create high-temperature products, which discharge to a distance of 1 cm or more. The high temperature and ejected products may be able to ignite the attached energetic materials even if the initiator makes no physical contact. These www.selleckchem.com/products/birinapant-tl32711.html characteristics of the initiator may open a door to the preparation of the highly efficient and insensitive

initiating explosive device. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3576138]“
“Chenopodium quinoa (Willd.) is an Andean plant showing a remarkable tolerance to abiotic stresses. In Chile, quinoa populations display a high degree of genetic distancing, and variable tolerance to salinity. To investigate which tolerance mechanisms might account for these differences, four genotypes from coastal central and southern regions were compared for their growth, physiological, and molecular responses

to NaCl at seedling stage. Seeds were sown on agar plates supplemented with 0, 150 or 300 mM NaCl. Germination was significantly reduced by NaCl only in accession BO78. Shoot length was reduced by 150 mM NaCl in three out of four genotypes, and by over 60% at 300 mM (except BO78 which selleck remained more similar to controls). Root length was hardly affected or even enhanced at 150 mM in all four genotypes, but inhibited, especially in 13078, by 300 mM NaCl. Thus, the root/shoot ratio was differentially affected by salt, with the highest values in PRJ, and the lowest in BO78. Biomass was also less affected in PRJ than in the other accessions, the genotype with the highest increment in proline concentration upon salt treatment. Free putrescine declined dramatically in all genotypes under 300 mM NaCl: however (spermidine + spermine)/putrescine ratios were higher in PRJ than BO78.