The horizontal inferior orbitomeatal line is the base line The p

The horizontal inferior orbitomeatal line is the base line. The parallel supraorbital line marks the inferior border of the central region … A more general approach to the problem of localization of cortical structures was developed by the anatomist Dimitri Zernov may (1843�C1917) [27] and his pupil Nikolay Altukhov [28] at the end of the 19th century in Russia. Zernov called his device an encephalometer. It was a head ring, which was fixed to the patients skull [29, 30]. The basic idea was to understand the head approximately as a terrestrial globe (Figure 3). Every point at the surface of the head was defined similar to the globe by polar coordinates expressed in degrees of latitude and longitude.

The position of the globe was in a way that the poles of the globe corresponded to the nose and the protuberantia occipitalis, the zero meridian to the mid sagittal plane along the falx, and the equator to the frontal plane perpendicular to the mid sagittal plane. Thus, the equator was around the central region and divided the head in the frontal plane into two halves. A 2-dimensional map of the brain surface with gyri and sulci with appropriate graticule of meridians and parallels corresponding to a geographical atlas was drawn. The localizations of the cortical structures were established as a mean from measurements of several ��normal�� cadaver brains. To localize the deep brain structures accurately, a third variable coordinate denoting the distance from the arc centre to the target would be necessary. Since this was not possible with the encephalometer, this apparatus was suitable only for superficially situated lesions.

To localize the desired target at the head the frame was equipped with additional two arcs which allowed gliding a stamp like pointer along the meridians and the parallels to set the desired geodetic coordinates on the scalp. Figure 3 By analogy with a terrestrial globe the superficial coordinates on the head are defined by polar coordinate system by degrees of longitude and latitude. The poles correspond to the nose anterior and to the protuberantia occipitalis posterior, respectively. … Altukhov published two patients whose central sulcus was successfully Brefeldin_A localized by this method, and an abscess in this region was subsequently removed in 1891. In a third case the system was used in an inverse modus. The pointer of the encephalometer was set over a visible displaced frontal skull fraction and the geodetic coordinates were read and transferred into the 2D cortical map to identify the affected gyrus [28�C30]. Furthermore, the encephalometer was not developed for neurosurgical purposes only. Altukhov used it also for comparative studies to demonstrate possible differences of brains regarding sex, age, and race [28].

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