The notable absence of clear homologues for known YscU protein partners is puzzling although might be explained by the different architecture of the EPEC T3SS Everolimus in vitro compared to Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia. Specifically, a long polymeric filament composed of EspA sits atop the EPEC needle complex [21]. From the various crystal structures now available, it has been hypothesized that

the conserved auto-cleavage mechanism for the YscU/FlhB group of proteins results in a critical surface to promote protein interactions for secreted Enzalutamide substrates [26–29]. We extend this interpretation with experimental data to further suggest that EscU auto-cleavage promotes translocon and effector protein secretion presumably by acting at the base of the EPEC T3SS. Conclusions This study provides evidence that intermediate phenotypes can be identified in the EPEC T3SS secretory pathway AMG510 research buy suggesting that sequential binding events are involved in type

III effector translocation into host cells. The conserved mechanism of auto-cleavage, shown here for EscU, is a critical event that supports type III effector translocation. Additional studies will be required to identify the temporal sequence of events and to functionally characterize how protein substrates are trafficked through the T3SS. Methods Bacterial Strains and Growth Media Bacterial strains generated and used in this study are listed in Table 1. Bacterial strains were routinely cultured in Luria broth (LB) (1% [w/v] tryptone, 0.5% [w/v] yeast extract, 1% [w/v] NaCl) at 37°C. Antibiotics (Sigma) were added when appropriate, to a final Phosphoglycerate kinase concentration

of 50 μg/ml kanamycin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin, 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol, 200 μg/ml ampicillin, 10 μg/ml tetracycline. Table 1 Strains and plasmids used in the study Strains Description Source/comment Wild type EPEC EPEC strain E2348/69, streptomycin-resistant, BFP positive. [35] ΔescU escU deletion mutant This study ΔsepD sepD deletion mutant   ΔsepDΔescU Double mutant derived from ΔsepD This study ΔsepD::escU(N262A) Cis-complemented ΔsepDΔescU strain This study ΔsepD::escU(P263A) Cis-complemented ΔsepDΔescU strain This study ΔsepDΔtir Double mutant derived from ΔsepD [35] ΔescNΔescU Double mutant derived from ΔescN This study SM10λpir E. coli strain that is permissive for pRE112 replication   DH5α E. coli strain used for cloning   DH5αλpir E.