Unexposed (control) group. The unexposed group consisted Brefeldin A ARFs of parent�Cchild dyads in which the parent and child were self-reported nonsmokers. For the parent, nonsmoking was defined as no current smoking or no smoking within the past year. For the child, this was defined as not living in a home with any smokers. Exclusion criteria. Parents or children with known asthma or diabetes and adults with SBPs above 170 or DBP greater than 110 were excluded. Mothers who were pregnant or suspected they were pregnant were likewise excluded. Procedures Baseline measures Parent participants completed baseline health history and smoke exposure questionnaires; a tobacco use and exposure survey was separately administered to teen subjects 12 years or older.

Exhaled carbon monoxide (Micro Medical Ltd, Chatham, Kent, UK) and urine cotinine (Nicalert [TM], Nymox Corp., Hasbrouck Heights, NJ) values were collected on all child participants for biologic confirmation of smoke exposure. For eCO measurement, subjects were asked to take a deep breath, hold it for 10 s, and exhale forcefully into the mouthpiece of the CO monitor. A research assistant recorded the average of three such exhalations (Jarvis, Belcher, Vesey, & Hutchison, 1986; Jarvis, Tunstall-Pedoe, Feyerabend, Vesey, & Saloojee, 1987). Of the 41 subjects, eCO readings from 3 were unavailable: in 2 cases, established protocol was not followed, and in 1 case, the parent BP was too high to continue with study procedures. For urine cotinine strip measurements, results were interpreted as follows: 0 corresponds with no exposure, 1�C2 corresponds with SHS exposure, and values of 3�C6 correspond with direct smoking.

HR was measured by palpation and BP measured manually with an appropriate-sized cuff. Testing procedures Following consent and blood testing, subject dyads were moved to a designated hotel testing room: a smoking room for the exposed group and nonsmoking room for the unexposed group. Hotel rooms were standard size, and room temperatures were maintained at 72 ��F. After a standardized time (15 min) to acclimate to the room, Time 1 measures of eCO, HR, and BP were made on both the parent and the child. These measures were repeated 5 min after the smoking exposure in the exposed group or 10 min time lapse for the (control) unexposed group.

Acute smoking exposure procedure Exposed parents were instructed to smoke one cigarette of their own brand at a measured distance (within 7 feet) from their child; during the smoking/time-lapse period, both exposed and unexposed subjects were instructed to remain in the same positions as during the testing procedures and were allowed GSK-3 to engage in conversation or watch TV. Statistical methods Baseline descriptive statistics including means, SD, and frequencies were used to compare the two study groups prior to intervention in terms of demographic, physiologic, and biochemical variables.