We suggest a new modeling technique for travelers movement, in which the movement does not affect the demographic parameters characterizing the metapopulation. A solution to the deterministic reaction-diffusion equations that emerges from this model on a general network is presented. A typical example of a heterogenous network, the star structure, is studied in detail both analytically and using

agent-based simulations. The interplay between demographic stochasticity, spatial heterogeneity and the infection dynamics is shown to produce some counter-intuitive effects. In particular it was found that, while movement always increases the chance of an outbreak, it may decrease the steady-state fraction of sick individuals. Dactolisib molecular weight The importance of the modeling technique in estimating the outcomes of a vaccination campaign is demonstrated. LOXO-101 supplier (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The adaptation of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) provides an experimental model for motor learning. Two studies, using cats and mice, respectively, have recently suggested pharmacologically that the

memory of adaptation is located multiply in the cerebellum and brainstem. Here, we examined the effects of acute cerebellar flocculus shutdown on the adaptation in four monkeys. Two hours of 0.11 Hz-10 degrees turntable oscillation while viewing a stationary checked-patterned screen through the left-right reversing prism decreased the HVOR gains by 0.16, and 3 days of prism wearing combined with 2 h of daily turntable oscillation decreased the HVOR gains by 0.27. Injections of lidocaine into bilateral flocculi did not affect the nonadapted HVOR gains, but depressed the visual suppression Adenosine triphosphate of the HVOR. They recovered the HVOR gains

decreased by 2 h of training, but very little affected the HVOR gains decreased by previous 2 days of training. Injections of control Ringer’s solution did not affect the gains adapted by 2 h or 3 days of training. These results are consistent with the previous studies, and suggest that the memory trace of adaptation of the HVOR initially resides in the flocculus but later resides, presumably, in the vestibular nuclei in the monkey. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Retrotransposons occur in extremely large numbers in many eukaryotic genomes. However, little is known of the factors which affect the distribution of close proximity elements. In this work we investigate the frequency of close facing retrotransposons in a plant species with extremely high numbers of retrotransposons. Molecular observations are compared with predictions of a mathematical model that assumes a uniform probability of retrotransposon insertion into the genome. The mathematical model plays the role of a null hypothesis.