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33. Nelson DE, Crane DD, Taylor LD, Dorward DW, Goheen M, Caldwell HD: Inhibition of chlamydiae by primary alcohols correlates with the strain-specific complement of plasticity zone phospholipase D genes. Infect Immun 2006, 74:73–80.PubMedCrossRef 34. Johansen KA, Gill RE, Vasil ML: Biochemical and molecular analysis selleck chemicals llc of phospholipase C and phospholipase D activity in mycobacteria. Infect Immun 1996, 64:3259–3266.PubMed 35. Edwards JL, Entz DD, Apicella MA: Gonococcal phospholipase D modulates the expression and function of complement receptor 3 in primary cervical epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2003, 71:6381–6391.PubMedCrossRef 36. Williams KP: Integration sites for genetic elements in prokaryotic tRNA and tmRNA genes: sublocation preference of integrase subfamilies. Nucl Acids Res 2002, 30:866–875.PubMedCrossRef 37. Ilangumaran S, Hoessli DC: Effects of cholesterol depletion by cyclodextrin on the sphingolipid microdomains of check details the plasma membrane. Biochem J 1998, 335:433–440.PubMed 38. Gulbins E, Li PL: Physiological and pathophysiological aspects of ceramide. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006, 290:R11-R26.PubMedCrossRef 39. Abraham SN, Duncan MJ, Li G, Zaas D: Bacterial penetration of the mucosal barrier by targeting lipid rafts. J Investig Med 2005, 53:318–321.PubMedCrossRef

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[14], have to be considered in terms of time required by different biomass concentrations to hydrogenate, and thereby detoxify, different concentrations

of fatty acids. Henderson [27] examined buy GDC-0973 the effects of fatty acids on ruminal bacteria. A Butyrivibrio sp. was generally most sensitive to fatty acids, but only saturated and monoenoic acids were included in the study. OA was much more toxic than the saturated fatty acids. Marounek et al. [28] found that C-12 and C-14 fatty acids were more toxic to ruminal and rabbit caecal bacteria than other chain lengths, but again the study was of saturated acids and oleic acid. In non-ruminal bacteria, LA and LNA were much more toxic than saturated or monoenoic acids [29]. The present paper describes the effects of the more abundant poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids on B. fibrisolvens. The PUFA were found to be much more toxic than more saturated fatty acids. The present experiments help to resolve the purpose

of biohydrogenation in the ruminal bacteria that undertake this reductive metabolism. Our results provide support for the conclusions of Harfoot and Hazlewood[22], Kemp and Lander [30] and Kemp et al. [31] that biohydrogenation is a click here detoxification mechanism rather than a means of disposing of reducing power, as proposed earlier [32]. The reductase which converts CLA to VA in B. fibrisolvens comprises 0.5% of the total cell protein [33], a very significant expenditure of cellular resources that signifies a vital function. It should be noted that, although more research emphasis is placed on its CHIR 99021 metabolism of LA because CLA is an intermediate, biohydrogenation is probably more important for B. fibrisolvens

to survive high LNA concentrations, HSP90 as LNA is more toxic than LA and is usually present at higher concentrations than LA in forages (e.g. [3]). Also to be noted is that CLA is almost as toxic as LA, as found before [14]. There are several possible reasons why unsaturated fatty acids are generally more toxic than saturated fatty acids. The double bonds alter the shape of the molecule, such that kinked unsaturated fatty acids disrupt the lipid bilayer structure [34]. The finding that different PUFA isomers, such as LNA and γ-LNA, had different toxicity would be consistent with such an interpretation. However, it is not clear that the toxicity was necessarily a membrane effect. The free carboxyl group was necessary for growth inhibition to take place. Methyl esters, which might be expected to be sufficiently hydrophobic to be incorporated into a membrane just as efficiently as a free fatty acid, were non-toxic. They were metabolized in the same way as the free fatty acids, however, as they were hydrolysed by bacterial esterase activity. The free carboxyl group was also necessary for disruption of cell integrity, as measured by PI ingression.

The pellets were sintered in a special regime with maximal temperature T s = 1,300°C for 5 h. Temperature-sensitive Cu0.1Ni0.1Co1.6Mn1.2O4/Cu0.1Ni0.8Co0.2Mn1.9O4-based pastes were prepared by mixing powders of basic ceramics (72.8% of sintered bulk ceramics were preliminarily destroyed, wet-milled, and dried) with ecological glass powders (2.9%) without PbO, inorganic binder Bi2O3 (2.9%), and organic vehicle (21.4%). The next content was used for the preparation of humidity-sensitive thick-film pastes: MgAl2O4-based ceramics (58%), Bi2O3 (4%), ecological glass (8%), and organic vehicle (30%). The pastes were printed on alumina substrates (Rubalit 708S, CeramTec, Plochingen,

Germany) using a manual screen printing device equipped with PF-562271 cost a steel screen. Then, thick films were sintered in PEO-601-084 furnace at 850°C [20, 23]. The insulating (i-type) paste in two layers was printed on temperature-sensitive Selleck LB-100 (p-type) thick-film layer previously formed on alumina substrate. In contrast to previous works [21, 23], the p+-conductive paste was formed on humidity-sensitive i-type layer as conductive layer. Then, these structures were sintered in the furnace. The topological scheme of integrated

p-i-p+ thick-film structure is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Topological scheme of integrated thick-film p-i-p + structure. The microstructure of the sintered temperature-sensitive ceramics was probed using an electron microscope JSM-6700 F (JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan), cross-sectional morphology of the samples being tested near the surface (0- to 70-μm depth) and chip centers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations for bulk humidity-sensitive ceramics and thick-film structures were performed using

LEO 982 field emission microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). The pore size distribution of bulk semiconductor and dielectric ceramics in the region from 2 to 1,000 nm was studied using Hg-porosimetry (POROSIMETR Galeterone 4000, CARLO ERBA STRUMENTAZIONE, Hofheim am Taunus, Germany). The electrical resistance of thermistor thick films was measured using temperature chambers MINI SUBZERO, Tabai ESPEC Corp., Japan, model MC-71 and HPS 222. The humidity sensitivity of thick-film structures was determined by measuring the dependence of electrical resistance R on relative humidity (RH) of the environment. The electrical resistance was measured in the heat and humidity chamber PR-3E (Tabai, Osaka, Japan) at 20°C in the region of RH = 20% to 99%. The electrodes were attached to connecting cables of M-ohmmeter at fixed current frequency of 500 Hz (with the aim of avoidance of polarization of adsorbed water molecules). In addition, the degradation transformation at 40°С and RH = 95% for 240 h was PF-4708671 cell line carried out in order to study sample stability in time. The maximal overall uncertainties in the electrical measurements did not exceed approximately ± (0.02 to 0.

Biochim Biophys Acta 1364:301–306 Mulkidjanian AY, Galperin MY, Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Koonin EV (2008a) Evolutionary primacy of sodium energetics. Biol Direct 3:13. doi:10.​1186/​1745-6150-3-13

PubMedCrossRef Mulkidjanian AY, Dibrov P, Galperin MY (2008b) The past and present of sodium energetics: may the sodium-motive force be with you. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777:985–992PubMedCrossRef Mulkidjanian AY, Galperin MY, Koonin EV (2009) Co-evolution of primordial membranes and membrane proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 34:206–215PubMedCrossRef Müntener O (2010) Serpentine and serpentinization: a link between planet formation and life. Geology 38:959–960CrossRef Nisbet EG (1991) Living Earth; a short history of life and its home. HarperCollins, London Nitschke W, Russell MJ (2009) Hydrothermal focusing of chemical Metabolism inhibitor Selleckchem Crenigacestat and chemiosmotic energy, supported by delivery of catalytic Fe, Ni, Mo/W, Co, S and Se, forced life to emerge. J Mol Evol 69:481–496. doi:10.​1007.​/​s00239-009-9289-3 PubMedCrossRef

Noel M, Hounslow MW (1988) Heat flow evidence for hydrothermal convection in Cretaceous crust of the Madeira Abyssal Plain. Earth Planet Sci Lett 90:77–86CrossRef Nriagu JO, Moore PB (1984) Phosphate minerals. Springer, Berlin Pasek MA (2008) Rethinking early Earth phosphorus geochemistry. P Natl Acad Sci USA 105:853–858CrossRef Pasek MA, Lauretta DS (2005) Aqueous corrosion of phosphide minerals from iron meteorites: a highly reactive source of prebiotic Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II phosphorus on the Epoxomicin manufacturer surface of the early Earth. Astrobiology 5:515–535PubMedCrossRef Pasek MA, Dworkin JP, Lauretta DS (2007) A radical pathway for phosphorylation during schreibersite corrosion with implications for the origin

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Emerg Infect Dis 2005,11(12):1835–1841.PubMed 23. Svensson K, Larsson P, Johansson D, Bystrom M, Forsman M, Johansson A: Evolution of Akt inhibitors in clinical trials subspecies of Francisella tularensis. J Bacteriol 2005,187(11):3903–3908.CrossRefPubMed 24. Oyston PC: Francisella tularensis: unravelling the secrets of an intracellular pathogen. J Med Microbiol 2008,57(Pt 8):921–930.CrossRefPubMed 25. Thomas R, Johansson A, Neeson B, Isherwood K, Sjostedt A, Ellis J, Titball RW: Discrimination of human pathogenic subspecies of Francisella tularensis by using restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol 2003,41(1):50–57.CrossRefPubMed 26. Johansson A, Ibrahim A, Goransson I, Eriksson U, Gurycova D, Clarridge JE 3rd,

Sjostedt A: Evaluation of PCR-based methods for discrimination of Francisella species and subspecies and development of a specific PCR that distinguishes GW2580 mouse the two

major subspecies of Francisella tularensis. J Clin Microbiol 2000,38(11):4180–4185.PubMed 27. de la Puente-Redondo VA, del Blanco NG, Gutierrez-Martin selleck chemical CB, Garcia-Pena FJ, Rodriguez Ferri EF: Comparison of different PCR approaches for typing of Francisella tularensis strains. J Clin Microbiol 2000,38(3):1016–1022.PubMed 28. Vogler AJ, Birdsell D, Wagner DM, Keim P: An optimized, multiplexed multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis system for genotyping Francisella tularensis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009,48(1):140–144.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ contributions GAP- planned, developed and co-coordinated the Endonuclease project, analyzed the data, wrote the manuscript; MHH – bioinformatic tool development and data analysis, contributed to the progress of the project and manuscript writing; JMP – contributed to the data analysis and manuscript preparation; SP- wet lab analysis, performed resequencing assays of the samples; SAK- bioinformatic data analysis, preparation of tables and figures; MJW- contributed to the data analysis and manuscript preparation; CM- data collection for the SNP typing assay of samples; MJ- contribution towards development and optimization of the SNP typing assay; MES-participated

in data analysis and manuscript preparation; RDF-project oversight; SNP-project design, manuscript contribution and project oversight. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) causes paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease, a fatal chronic granulomatous enteritis. The disease occurs worldwide and is responsible for significant economic losses to livestock and associated industries [1, 2]. It is endemic in Europe with only Sweden maintaining paratuberculosis-free status. The epidemiology is poorly understood and there are important questions still to resolve, particularly with respect to interspecies transmission. Map infects principally ruminants but over the past decade it has become apparent that the organism has a much broader host range including monogastric species [3–5].

Analysis of extracellular proteins showed that calcium-binding protein WgeA (formerly ExpE1), endoglycanase ExsH and the putative hemolysin-type

calcium-binding protein SMc04171 were secreted in a TolC dependent manner. Another MCC950 concentration phenotype shown by the S. meliloti tolC mutant was absence of exopolysaccharides succinoglycan and galactoglucan from the culture supernatant [15]. Absence of galactoglucan in the tolC mutant is explained by the lack of WgeA protein secretion [16], but the contribution of TolC to succinoglycan production is so far not understood. Several phenotypes displayed by the S. meliloti tolC mutant strain illustrated the wide importance of this S3I-201 ic50 outer membrane protein to cellular functions. To better understand the contribution of TolC protein to S. meliloti cell physiology under free-living conditions, we investigated the effect of its inactivation on the transcriptome. Our data point towards an increased expression of genes encoding products involved in stress response, central metabolic pathways, and nutrient uptake transporters in the tolC mutant. Genes encoding products involved in nitrogen metabolism, transport and cell division displayed decreased expression. Results and Discussion KPT-8602 ic50 Global

changes in gene expression associated to a mutation in the tolC gene Cosme et al. [15] disrupted the S. meliloti 1021 tolC gene by inserting plasmid pK19mob2ΏHMB into its coding sequence, eliminating the last 102 nucleotides. This mutant, potentially expressing a truncated protein, displayed several phenotypes such as impaired symbiosis with Medicago, higher sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stresses and absence of some extracellular proteins and exopolysaccharides [15]. Here, growth rates of wild-type and the tolC gene insertion mutant SmLM030-2 grown in GMS medium were determined (Fig.

1). During the first 8 hours the growth rate was comparable for both strains; subsequently the tolC mutant showed a lower growth rate and reduced biomass formation. To gain insight into what underlies these differences, transcriptomes of the wild-type and the tolC mutant strains cultured in GMS medium for 20 hours were compared. Microarray data analyzed using dChip (≥1.2-fold change lower confidence bound and a ≤0.4% FDR as check cutoffs) and Partek Genomics Suite (FDR ≤ 5%; p-value ≤ 0.017) identified 2067 probe sets in common as being differentially expressed. From this list, we removed duplicated probes for the same genes and those covering intergenic regions, giving a subset of 1809 genes with differential expression (See Additional file 1: Table S1 and Additional file 2: Table S2). Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) could be attributed to 1502 of these according to predicted gene functions (See Additional file 1: Table S1 and Additional file 2: Table S2).

Re-suspended biofilm and planktonic susceptibility 3-MA cell line The antibiotic susceptibility of log phase (OD600 0.030 – 0.08) and re-suspended biofilms of P. aeruginosa was determined. One milliliter of an overnight culture of P. aeruginosa PAO1 was sub-cultured into 29 ml of PBM (1 g l-1 glucose)

and grown overnight with agitation (37°C, 200 rpm) prior to exposure to antibiotics. One milliliter aliquots from the overnight cultures were mixed with 29 ml of fresh PBM (1 g l-1 glucose) containing antibiotics (tobramycin at 10 μg ml-1 or ciprofloxacin at 1.0 μg ml-1) to start treatment. Biofilms (72 h) scraped from coupons, were homogenized in phosphate buffer for 1 minute using a tissue homogenizer and re-suspended in 30 ml of PBM (1 g l-1 glucose) with antibiotics (as above), to yield a cell density of 3.0 × 107 cells ml-1. After suspension in antibiotic containing media, cultures were placed in an orbital shaking incubator at 37°C and sampled over the course of 12 hours. The resulting cell suspensions were serially diluted and viable bacterial numbers were determined by plating on TSA. Preparation of biofilms for RNA extraction Biofilms were grown in the drip flow reactor for either 72 h (n = 3) or 84 h (n = 3). Data from these two time points were pooled. Biofilms were scraped directly into

1 ml of RNAlater ® (Ambion). Clumps were dispersed by repeated pippetting with a micro-pipette and the recovered biofilms were stored at 4°C for one day prior to removal of the RNAlater ® by centrifugation Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor (15 min, 4°C, and 14000 g) and freezing of the biofilm cells at -70°C. RNA extraction Biofilm cells were thawed on ice and re-suspended in 300 μl of 1 mg lysozyme ml-1 Tris-EDTA buffer (TE; 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) and divided into three aliquots. Each aliquot was sonicated for 15 s, and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. RNA was extracted with an RNeasy® mini Ketotifen kit (Qiagen

Sciences) with on column DNA digestion (DNA Free kit; Ambion) the three aliquots were combined onto a single column. RNA concentrations and purity were determined by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm, 280 nm and 230 nm using a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies). RNA quality was evaluated using the RNA 6000 NanoChip assay on a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies). The 23 s:16 s rRNA ratio for all samples used exceeded 2.0. Microarray hybridization Isolated total RNA (10 μg) was reverse-transcribed, PI3K Inhibitor Library manufacturer fragmented using DNAseI and biotin end-labeled according to Affymetrix’s Prokaryotic Target Labeling Protocol (GeneChip Expression Analysis Technical Manual; November, 2004). For each Pseudomonas genome array (#900339, Affymetrix), 4.5 μg of labeled fragmented cDNA was hybridized to the arrays at 50°C for 16 h with constant rotational mixing at 60 rpm. Washing and staining of the arrays was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip Fluidics Station 450.

The two orbitals consist of two types of bonds in α-graphdiyne: One is the bonding bonds (Figure 3a) and the other the antibonding bonds (Figure Caspase cleavage 3b), which are located at the different carbons. As a recent study reported [23], the effective hopping term of the acetylenic linkages is much smaller than the direct hopping between the vertex atoms. This is because the covalent bonds are formed in these acetylenic linkages as illustrated in Figure 3, which subsequently weakens the hopping ability. Thus, the reduced hopping parameter is a natural consequence, which also agrees well with our above tight-binding theory. Future experiments can test this prediction directly.

Figure 3 Charge density distributions of two orbitals at the Dirac point. The (a) bonding and (b) antibonding bonds. The isovalues are set to 0.03

Å -3; 3 ×3 supercells are given for the sake of clarity. Conclusions In conclusion, we have predicted a novel carbon allotrope called α-graphdiyne, which has a similar Dirac cone to that of graphene. The lower Fermi velocity stems from its largest lattice constant compared with other current carbon allotropes. The effective hopping parameter of 0.45 eV is obtained through fitting the energy bands in the vicinity of Dirac points. The obtained Fermi velocity has a lower value of 0.11 ×106 m/s, which might have potential applications in quantum electrodynamics. Acknowledgements We would like to thank L. Huang (LZU, Lanzhou) for the valuable discussion. This work was supported find more by the National Basic Research Program of China under no. 2012CB933101,

the Fundamental Research Funds for the www.selleckchem.com/Wnt.html Central Universities (no. 2022013zrct01), and the National Science Foundation (51202099 and 51372107). References 1. Wallace PR: The band theory of graphite. Phys Rev 1947, 71:622–634.CrossRef 2. Neto AHC, Guinea F, Peres NMR, Novoselov KS, Geim AK: The electronic properties of graphene. Rev Mod Phys 2009, 81:109–162.CrossRef 3. Neto AHC, Guinea F, Peres NMR: Drawing conclusions from graphene. Phys World 2006, 19:33–37. 4. Malko D, Neiss C, Vines Phosphoglycerate kinase F, Görling A: Competition for graphene graphynes with direction-dependent dirac cones. Phys Rev Lett 2012, 108:086804.CrossRef 5. Fu L, Kane CL, Mele EJ: Topological insulators in three dimensions. Phys Rev Lett 2007, 98:106803.CrossRef 6. Takahashi R, Murakami S: Gapless interface states between topological insulators with opposite Dirac velocities. Phys Rev Lett 2011, 107:166805.CrossRef 7. Kane CL, Mele EJ: Quantum spin hall effect in graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2005, 95:226801.CrossRef 8. Kane CL, Mele EJ: Z2 topological order and the quantum spin hall effect. Phys Rev Lett 2005, 95:146802.CrossRef 9. Bernevig BA, Zhang SC: Quantum spin hall effect. Phys Rev Lett 2006, 96:106802.CrossRef 10. Moore JE, Balents L: Topological invariants of time-reversal-invariant band structures. Phys Rev B 2007, 75:121306(R).CrossRef 11.

VGD participated in the PL measurements. JW and SL carried out the XRD, AFM, J-V, and photoresponse measurements. JW, ZMW, SL, JL, and YIM participated in the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. JW, ZMW, ESK, and GJS conceived the study and participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Three-dimensional hierarchical architectures, or nanoarchitectures, assembled by one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures have attracted extraordinary attention and intensive interests owing to their unique structures and fantastic properties different from those of the monomorph structures [1–5]. Particularly,

hierarchical architectures with mesoporous structures have triggered more and more research enthusiasm in recent years for their high surface-to-volume ratio and permeability. Synthesis of mesoporous materials has become BTSA1 chemical structure a remarkable level in modern materials chemistry [6]. Mesoporous materials are generally synthesized via a soft- or hard-template-aided process, which usually, however, suffers from the removal of templates and resultant structural collapse, although hydrothermal synthesis or treatment has been extensively investigated

at various stages with the attempt to improve the hydrothermal stability of the as-synthesized mesoporous products. Consequently, great effort has been made to directly grow mesoporous inorganic materials in the absence of any templates in recent years [7, 8]. Most recently, the hydrothermal method has emerged as a thriving technique for the facile fabrication of the nanoarchitectures Cilengitide price [9–12], such as AlOOH cantaloupe [13], Co(OH)2 and Co3O4 nanocolumns [14], ZnSe nanoflowers [15], Ni(OH)2 and NiO microspheres [16], and even mesoporous SrCO3 microspheres [8]. As the most stable iron oxide, hematite (α-Fe2O3) has drawn much concern owing to its widespread applications as catalysts, pigments, gas sensors [17], photoelectrodes [17, 18], starting materials for the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) [19], electrode materials for lithium-ion battery (LIB)

[20–26], etc. α-Fe2O3 is considered a promising active lithium intercalation host due to its high theoretical capacity aminophylline (1,007 mAh·g−1), low cost, and environmental friendliness. In contrast to graphite electrodes, the lithium storage within iron oxides is mainly achieved through the reversible conversion reaction between lithium ions and metal nanocrystals dispersed in a Li2O matrix [24]. Such a process usually causes drastic volume changes (>200%) and severe destruction of the electrode upon INK1197 order electrochemical cycling, especially at a high rate [24]. Particle morphology has been recognized as a key factor influencing the electrochemical performance for lithium storage; thus, hematite nanostructures with different morphologies have been synthesized so as to enhance the electrochemical performance [22].

Three genes PG0690, PG1075 and PG1076 encoding 4-hydroxybutyrate CoA-transferase, the coenzyme A transferase beta subunit and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (short-chain specific) respectively, that are in the pathway branch that produces butyrate, were down-regulated, find more as were a cluster of genes encoding a methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase (PG1608-1612) that is part of the pathway branch that produces propionate. Signal transduction, regulatory and transcription genes

It has been well established that two-component signal transduction systems (TCSTSs) play an important role in biofilm formation in many bacteria, including E. coli [45], Enterococcus faecalis [46] and Streptococcus mutans [47]. Interrogation of the P. gingivalis W83 ORFs revealed only

6 putative TCSTSs. The transcriptomic analysis indicated that one of these TCSTSs, comprising PG1431 and PG1432, that encode a DNA-binding response regulator of the LuxR MK-1775 molecular weight family and a putative sensor histidine kinase respectively, was up-regulated in biofilm cells. To date, the involvement of signal transduction, transcriptional regulators and other transcription factors in P. gingivalis biofilm development has yet to be QNZ solubility dmso established. Homologues of the TCSTSs PG1431 and PG1432 have been found in P. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 and were designated fimR and fimS, respectively [48]. FimR and FimS are known to regulate FimA-associated fimbriation [48]. Comparative transcriptomic profiling of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and its fimR deficient mutant indicated only a limited number of genes were part of the fimR regulon including PG1974, PG0644 (tlr) and the first gene of the fim locus, PG2130 [49]. Binding of FimR upstream of PG2130 initiates an expression cascade involving PG2131-34. The transcriptomic data presented here do concur with the possible positive regulation

of PG1974 by PG1431, however, they are in conflict with the role of PG1431 in the positive regulation of the fim locus because in strain W50 biofilms we observed decreased enough expression of PG2133 and PG2134 with no differential expression of fimA. Thus, the role of PG1431 and PG1432 in P. gingivalis W50 biofilm growth may not be reflected in the earlier study of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 FimS and FimR mutants. It is predicted that there are 29 orphan transcriptional regulatory proteins in P. gingivalis but only 4 of these were differentially regulated in biofilm cells, one of which was the down-regulated PG0270, oxyR. The remaining three possible transcriptional regulators PG0173, PG0826 (of the AraC family of transcriptional regulators) and PG2186 were found to be up-regulated. Members of the AraC family of transcriptional regulators have been shown to be important in carbon metabolism, stress response and virulence in other species (for review see Gallegos), [50] and in the regulation of quorum sensing signaling in P. aeruginosa [51].