Nature 2003, 423:136–137.CrossRef 3. Aksu S, Huang M, Artar A, Yanik AA, Selvarasah S, Dokmeci MR, Altug H: Flexible plasmonics on unconventional and nonplanar substrates. Adv Mater 2011, 23:4422–4430.CrossRef 4. Tai YL, Yang ZG, Li ZD: A promising approach to conductive patterns with high efficiency for flexible electronics. Appl Surf Sci 2011, 257:7096–7100.CrossRef 5. Danilo DR: Electronic textiles: a logical step. Nat Mater 2007, 6:328–329.CrossRef 6. Nishide H, Oyaizu K: Toward flexible batteries. Science 2008, 319:737–738.CrossRef 7. Magdassi S, Grouchko M, Berezin O, Kamyshny A: Triggering the sintering of silver nanoparticles at room temperature. ACS Nano 2010, 4:1943–1948.CrossRef 8. Siegel AC,

Phillips ST, Dickey MD, Lu N, Suo Z, Whitesides GM: Foldable printed circuit boards on paper substrates. Adv Funct

Mater 2010, 20:28–36.CrossRef 9. Jeong AG-881 mw GS, Baek DH, Jung HC, Song JH, Moon JH: Solderable and electroplatable flexible electronic circuit on a porous stretchable elastomer. Nat Commun 2012, 3:977–981.CrossRef 10. Li Z, Zhang R, Moon K-S, Liu Y, Hansen K, Le T, Wong CP: Highly conductive, flexible, polyurethane-based adhesives for flexible and printed electronics. Adv Funct Mater 2012. 11. Liu X, Long YZ, Liao L, Duan X, Fan Z: Large-scale integration PRIMA-1MET of semiconductor nanowires for high-performance flexible electronics. ACS Nano 2012, 6:1888–1895.CrossRef 12. Li Y, Wu YL, Ong BS: Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles useful for fabrication of high-conductivity elements for printed electronics. J Am Chem Soc 2005, 127:3266–3267.CrossRef 13. Jeong S, Woo K, Kim D, Lim S, Kim JS, Shin H, Xia YN, Moon J: Controlling the thickness of the surface oxide layer on Cu nanoparticles

for the fabrication of conductive structures by ink‐jet printing. Adv Funct Mater 2008, 18:679–686.CrossRef 14. Michael CM, Habib A, Wang D, James RH: Highly ordered 3-Methyladenine manufacturer nanowire arrays on plastic substrates for ultrasensitive flexible chemical sensors. Nat Mater 2007, 6:379–384.CrossRef 15. Peng R, Xia C, Peng D, Meng G: Effect of powder preparation on (CeO 2 ) 0.8 (Sm 2 O 3 ) 0.1 thin film properties by screen-printing. Mater Lett 2004, 58:604–607.CrossRef 16. Pudas M, Halonen P, Vähäkangas J: Gravure printing of Pregnenolone conductive particulate polymer inks on flexible substrates. Prog Org Coat 2005, 54:310–318.CrossRef 17. Moonen PF, Yakimets I, Huskens J: Fabrication of transistors on flexible substrates: from mass-printing to high-resolution alternative lithography strategies. Adv Mater 2012, 24:5526–5541.CrossRef 18. Park S, Lee HW, Wang H, Selvarasah S, Dokmeci MR, Park YJ: Highly effective separation of semiconducting carbon nanotubes verified via short-channel devices fabricated using dip-pen nanolithography. ACS Nano 2012, 6:2487–2491.CrossRef 19. Guo LJ: Nanoimprint lithography: methods and material requirements. Adv Mater 2007, 19:495–513.CrossRef 20.

However, based only on the hybridization signal it was not possible to predict INK1197 nmr whether the respective mycotoxin was produced. This could have been

achieved if cDNA would have been used as a target in the array hybridization where differentially learn more expression of mycotoxin genes would have indicated mycotoxin production. Schmidt-Heydt and Geisen [15] used RNA to detect the activation of gene clusters under conditions conducive for the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, fumonisin, ochratoxin, aflotoxin and patulin. However, they found that the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, like mycotoxins, is dependent on environmental conditions like substrate, pH, temperature and water activity [28] and thus mycotoxins are not always expressed. Conclusions With the multiplexing capacity as one of the important features of microarrays, the method developed in the present study can be used to detect more than one parameter Selleckchem Sepantronium at a time, namely fungal species and genes involved in pathways leading to toxin production. A total of 32 fungi could be identified and their potential to produce mycotoxins could be determined. This study describes the omission of the target amplification step of target DNA prior to hybridization in a DNA-based

microarray experiment. The results indicated that the random labeling technique could provide enough labeled target DNA for the direct detection of a single fungal infection from infected maize kernels using the microarray

In the long term, the developed microarray chip could be used to hybridize DNA and cDNA labeled with different Cy dyes for the simultaneous detection of fungal identity and toxin involved genes. The genomic DNA would determine the fungal identity and the cDNA would determine whether genes for mycotoxin biosynthesis are expressed. The Farnesyltransferase cDNA approach can also be useful to determine which gene clusters are expressed under conditions conducive for the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, fumonisin, ochratoxin, aflatoxin and patulin. Methods Fungal cultures and DNA extraction A total of forty food-borne fungi posing a health threat in South Africa were obtained from the Agricultural Research Council culture collection (ARC), Pretoria, South Africa and are listed in Table 1. Up to two isolates of each taxon were used depending on availability. Further, eight blind samples were taken at random from the forty fungi to validate the array. Fungal strains were grown on 1.5% malt extract agar at 25°C for 1-2 weeks. Total genomic fungal DNA was extracted following the DNA extraction protocol described by Raeder and Broda [29] and column-purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN). Total genomic DNA of inoculated maize kernels was isolated by the same protocol.

Materials and methods Cell lines 19 cell lines (Table 1), including 16 lung cancer cell lines [21], and 3 HBEC cell lines immortalized via ectopic expression of cdk4 and hTERT [22], were obtained from

the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research at UT Southwestern Medical Center. All cancer cell lines were grown in RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum. HBECs were grown in KSFM medium supplemented with bovine pituitary extract and recombinant human epidermal growth factor (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA). All cell lines were grown in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37°C. Table 1 Histological classification of the lung cancer cell lines Cell Line Tumor Subtype Age Ethnicity Gender Source Site NCI-H146 SCLC 59 Caucasian M metastasis bone NCI-H187 SCLC 47 Caucasian M metastasis pleural NCI-H209 SCLC 55 Caucasian M metastasis bone NCI-H526 SCLC 55 Caucasian AZD4547 order M metastasis bone NCI-H889 SCLC 69 Caucasian F metastasis lymph NCI-H1672 SCLC 58 Caucasian M primary lung NCI-H2107 SCLC 36 Black M metastasis bone NCI-H2171 SCLC 50 Caucasian M metastasis pleural NCI-H2195 SCLC 67 Caucasian M metastasis bone NCI-H157 NSCLC (squamous) 59 Caucasian M metastasis pleural NCI-H1819 NSCLC (adenocarcinoma) 55 Caucasian

F metastasis lymph NCI-H2052 NSCLC (mesothelioma) 65 Caucasian M metastasis pleural NCI-H2887 NSCLC (squamous) 31 unknown M primary lung HCC366 NSCLC (adenosquamous) 80 unknown F primary lung HCC1195 NSCLC (adenocarcinoma)

Caspase activity 47 Black M primary lung HCC2450 NSCLC (squamous) 52 Caucasian M primary lung HBEC2-KT Immortalized Normal 68   M NA lung HBEC3-KT Immortalized Normal 65   F NA lung HBEC4-KT Immortalized Normal 71   F NA lung The lung cancer cell lines were established from tissue specimens obtained from lung cancer patients [73]. The subtype of each lung cancer cell line is based on histological examination of the tumor from which the line was derived. Patient age, ethnicity, and gender Palbociclib chemical structure are listed along with the source of the tissue sample and the site from which the sample was derived. RNA isolation and miRNA microarray Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and labeled with a fluorescent modified dinucleotide (5′-phosphate-cytidyl-uridyl-Cy3-3′) using T4 RNA ligase, according to Thomson [23]. Oligonucleotide probes antisense to the published mature sequences for 136 conserved human miRNAs were synthesized and spotted in duplicate on Corning GAPS-2 coated slides using a robotic spotter [23]. Samples were hybridized to the array, along with an equimolar reference oligonucleotide set corresponding to the 136 mature microRNAs, which had been labeled with Cy5. Array images were obtained and analyzed with a GenePix 4000A scanner and GenePix Pro 4.1 software (Axon Instruments).

Thus, as the result of multiple cycles of γ-α-γ transformations in the reverted austenite in iron-nickel alloy, the dislocations density increased by three orders, nanoscale level fragments (nanofragmentation) with additional small-angle subboundaries were formed, a quantity of dispersed grains having high-angle boundaries increased, and deformation twins came into existence. Figure 1 Microstructure (A) and electron diffraction pattern of reverted austenite

(B) after 50 γ-α-γ transitions. ×20,000. The phase-hardened alloy was annealed at temperatures of 400°C for 6 h. As the result of phase hardening, the microhardness CAL-101 nmr of the surface layer of the alloy significantly increased. In the initial austenite

state (prior to martensitic transformations), microhardness I-BET-762 chemical structure was equal to 1,159 MPa, and after 10 and 50 γ-α-γ cycles, it increased up to 1,550 and 1,776 MPa, respectively. This pointed to the fact of an increasing degree of reverted austenite strengthening under the consistent reiteration of γ-α-γ cycles. Photosensitive film blackening curves that characterize the concentration distribution of the isotopes 63Ni and 55,59Fe are shown in Figures  2 and 3. Obtained from semilogarithmic curve of the β activity dependence on penetration depth of radioisotopes, the diffusion coefficients of nickel and iron were equal to D Ni = 1.14 × 10-12 and D Fe = 0.86 × 10-12 cm2/s, respectively. It is evident that the diffusion mobility of nickel in the studied alloy is higher than that of iron. The D Ni/D Fe ratio is equal to about 1.3. This result is qualitatively consistent with the data on the diffusion of nickel and iron in iron-nickel alloy obtained under conditions of stationary isothermal annealing at temperatures higher than 900°C [19]. Such high values of

D Ni and D Fe for relatively low temperature of 400°C are associated with high density of dislocations and high length of additional boundaries and subboundaries between the structural elements that were formed as the result of multiple γ-α-γ transformations. Figure 2 Concentration distribution of the 63 Ni radioisotope in reverted austenite. Figure 3 Concentration distribution of the Niclosamide 55,59 Fe radioisotopes in reverted austenite. It was shown, both experimentally and theoretically [6, 20], that the dislocations increase diffusion penetration in solids. The contribution of dislocations to the total diffusion flow must be considered mainly at temperatures below 0.5 of melting point. Analysis of experimental data by different authors shows that diffusion coefficients of substitution atoms and interstitials in this temperature range significantly increase depending on dislocation density and grain boundaries length. Diffusion acceleration in defects area of crystal structure is described in [6, 8, 10, 13, 20].

Although TRAMPC2/TR/CCL21-L2 (Line 2) cells had higher background expression relative to Line 1, GANT61 mw tetracycline induced much higher levels of CCL21 production. These data indicate that both these lines have the capacity to grow both in vitro and in vivo following orthotopic implantation. Fig. 2 Variable expression of CCL21 by TRAMPC2/TR/CCL21 cells following passage in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. a

TRAMPC2 cells were transfected with the repressor and CCL21 expression vectors using Fugene 6 transfection reagent and selected in antibiotic-containing media. Cloned antibiotic resistant cell lines (TRAMPC2/TR/CCL21, clones 4, 5 and 6) were tested for CCL21 expression with or without 2 ug/ml of tetracycline by ELISA. ELISA was performed after 3 and 8 passages to test whether these clones maintained inducible expression of the transgene. b Syngeneic mice were implanted orthotopically with TRAMPC2/TR/CCL21 tumor cells

(clone 4, 5 × 105). After several months following implantation, palpable tumors were excised, diced and explants cultured in vitro. Cloned lines were derived, expanded in selection media and tested for Bucladesine in vitro tet-induced secretion of CCL21. Clonal lines from six tumors isolated from individual mice (M1-6) were evaluated (see Table I). This panel illustrates the expression levels achieved by tetracycline in the 10 clones (10/103) that produced CCL21. None of the lines derived from two tumors (M5 and M6) displayed inducible expression of CCL21. c Eight clonal lines with weak induction derived from mouse tumors 1 and 4 were pooled to generate

L1. The remaining two lines (M3.2 and M4.2) were pooled to generate L2. These two pooled lines were then subjected to antibiotic selection using zeocin and blasticidin, expanded in vitro and then tested for inducible CCL21 production. Note different scales in panels B and C Table 1 Distribution of inducible expression of CCL21 in clonal lines derived from TRAMC2/TR/CCl21 tumors following orthotopic tumor growth Casein kinase 1 in vivo Mouse No. Clones No. Inducible Clones % Inducible Expression M1 22 6 27 M2 18 1 5.5 M3 19 1 5.3 M4 11 2 18 M5 15 0 0 M6 18 0 0 Total 103 10 9.7 Nine syngeneic mice were implanted orthotopically with TRAMPC2/TR/CCL21 tumor cells (5 × 105). One mouse died without any tumor and two mice never grew tumors. After several months following implantation, 6 palpable tumors were excised, diced and explants cultured in vitro. Cloned lines were derived, expanded in selection media and tested for tet-induced secretion of CCL21 by ELISA. Clonal lines from six tumors isolated from individual mice were evaluated (M1-6). Impact of Intratumoral Expression of CCL21 on Survival, Tumor Growth and Metastatic Disease TRAMPC2/TR/CCL21 clones (L1 and L2) displayed high levels of tet-inducible expression of CCL21 and grew in vivo. We next wanted to test whether CCL21 expression in the TME enhances survival of mice implanted orthotopically with prostate tumor cells.

In this study, we evaluated 38 published markers (Table 2) against the current known diversity of the Francisella genus. It is important to note that the studies from which the markers were gathered differed widely in scope. Some studies were designed to only cover a specific species and exclude others, whereas in other studies it was not of interest or even possible to study all the Francisella species included here. Several

of the included markers were amplifying sequence products for species not included in previous studies of Francisella, Tariquidar datasheet e.g. F. hispaniensis, F. noatunensis and W. persica. As many as one third of the markers amplified all the included subspecies and approximately half of the markers

amplified products for F. hispaniensis and/or W. persica together with clade 1 or clade 2. This indicates that strains belonging to F. hispaniensis, W. persica, F. noatunensis are responsible for several false identifications. It should be pointed out that we have only considered sequence based markers here. Other type of markers and marker combinations can be fruitful, in particular for construction of sub-species specific assays, which has been shown by e.g. combining variable-number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and insertion-deletion (indel) markers [35] or SNP and indel markers [36]. Specificity is especially important for markers designed see more for detection. The results of the investigated detection markers suggested that the specificity was questionable for the majority of them. The marker 22-lpnA [37, 38], designated for F. tularensis detection, was found to also amplify F. hispaniensis FSC454 [39]. In the present study, the primers

of the genus-specific marker 13-fopA [16] were not predicted to amplify any of the Molecular motor included F. philomiragia, whereas in the original publication they were reported to amplify all included F. philomiragia isolates. Probably a large unknown diversity exists within this species. For almost all 11 detection markers for Francisella tularensis, there was a significant risk of false-negative results caused by unwanted mismatches for isolates that should be detected. In conclusion, primer sequences need to be continually evaluated and redesigned using up-to date knowledge of the genetic diversity of the targeted sequences to minimise the likelihood of false-positive or -negative results. A similar conclusion was published by [40] where false-positive and -negative hits of primers against publically available sequences in various species of bacteria were evaluated with the result of high degree of primer mismatch in Haemophilus influenza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Hence, primer miss-match seems to be a general problem within prokaryotes. Our evaluation approach for primers could subsequently be of benefit to the microbiological community.

CrossRefPubMed 17. Segarra G, Casanova E, Bellido D, Odena MA, Oliveira E, Trillas I: Proteome, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid changes in cucumber plants inoculated with Trichoderma asperellum strain T34. Proteomics 2007, 7:3943–52.CrossRefPubMed 18. Shoresh M, Harman GE: The molecular basis of shoot responses of maize seedlings to Trichoderma harzianum T22 inoculation of the root: a proteomic approach. Plant Physiol 2008, 147:2147–63.CrossRefPubMed 19. Breakspear A, Momany M: The first fifty microarray

studies in filamentous fungi. Microbiology 2007, 153:7–15.CrossRefPubMed 20. Martínez D, Berka RM, Henrissat B, Saloheimo M, Arvas M, Baker SE, Chapman J, Chertkov O, Coutinho PM, Cullen D, Danchin EG, Grigoriev IV, Harris P, selleck compound Jackson M, Kubicek CP, Han CS, Ho I, Larrondo LF, de Leon AL, Magnuson JK, Merino S, Misra M, Nelson B, Putnam N, Robbertse B, Salamov AA, Schmoll M, Terry A, Thayer N, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Schoch CL, Yao J, Barabote R, Nelson MA, Detter C, Bruce D, Kuske CR, Xie G, Richardson P, Rokhsar DS, Lucas SM, Rubin EM, Dunn-Coleman N, Ward M, Brettin TS: Genome sequencing and analysis of the biomass-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea

jecorina ). Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26:553–60.CrossRefPubMed 21. JGI Trichoderma atroviride v1.0[http://​genome.​jgi-psf.​org/​Triat1/​Triat1.​home.​html] 22. JGI Trichoderma virens v1.0[http://​genome.​jgi-psf.​org/​Trive1/​Trive1.​home.​html] 23. Vizcaíno JA, González FJ, Suárez MB, Redondo J, Heinrich J, Delgado-Jarana J, Hermosa R, Gutiérrez Selleckchem Luminespib S, Monte E, Llobell A, Rey M: Generation, annotation and analysis of ESTs from Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413. BMC Genomics 2006, 7:193.CrossRefPubMed

24. Rey M, Llobell A, Monte E, Scala F, Lorito M, Monte E: Genomics of Trichoderma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Elsevier, Amsterdam 2007, 4:225–248. Fungal Genomics 25. Rey M, Llobell A, Monte E, Lorito M: Genomics of Trichoderma. Appl Micol & Biotechnol 2004, 4:225–248.CrossRef RAS p21 protein activator 1 26. Suárez MB, Vizcaíno JA, Llobell A, Monte E: Characterization of genes encoding novel peptidases in the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 using the TrichoEST functional genomics approach. Curr Genet 2007, 51:331–42.CrossRefPubMed 27. Gotz S, García-Gómez JM, Terol J, Williams TD, Nagaraj SH, Nueda MJ, Robles M, Talon M, Dopazo J, Conesa A: High-throughput functional annotation and data mining with the Blast2GO suite. Nucleic Acids Res 2008, 36:3420–35.CrossRefPubMed 28. Gowda M, Venu RC, Raghupathy MB, Nobuta K, Li H, Wing R, Stahlberg E, Couglan S, Haudenschild CD, Dean R, Nahm BH, Meyers BC, Wang GL: Deep and comparative analysis of the mycelium and appressorium transcriptomes of Magnaporthe grisea using MPSS, RL-SAGE, and oligoarray methods. BMC Genomics 2006, 7:310.CrossRefPubMed 29. Djonovic S, Pozo MJ, Dangott LJ, Howell CR, Kenerley CM: Sm1, a proteinaceous elicitor secreted by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens induces plant defense responses and systemic resistance.

These studies clearly reflect some of the emerging health topics of concern in other developed Western countries. In brief, the studies presented here illustrate how family therapy research and practice may constitute an effective tool to address important psychosocial 4SC-202 ic50 variables

in a variety of relational and medical contexts. The lead article, “Congruence of the Marital Relationship during Transition to Parenthood: A Study with Couples who Conceived Spontaneously or through Assisted Reproductive Technologies” by Sofia Gameiro, Mariana Moura-Ramos, Maria Cristina Canavarro, Teresa Almeida-Santos and Frank Dattilio, addresses the marital relationship and satisfaction in couples conceiving through assisted technologies. This is a very recent medical procedure that was legislated in Portugal in 2006, and has been, or will be soon available in most developed Western countries. The second article, “Ecological Contexts in Adolescent Pregnancy: The Role of Individual, Sociodemographic, Familial and Relational Variables in Understanding Risk of Occurrence and Adjustment” by Anabela Pedrosa, Raquel Pires, Paula Carvalho, Maria Cristina Canavarro and Frank

Dattilio, addresses 3-Methyladenine cell line the adjustment of adolescent mothers in relation to their family and social contexts. Portugal has systematically reported elevated rates of teenage pregnancy, which are also

observable (though in much higher incidences) in the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as in some of the most recently created European nations (i.e., Slovakia, Estonia, Hungary). This is followed by the article titled “Amniocentesis Due to Advanced Maternal Age: The Role of Marital Intimacy in Couples Decision-Making Process” by Bárbara Nazaré, Ana Fonseca, Sofia Gameiro, Maria Cristina Canavarro and Frank Dattilio, which focuses on couple functioning in situations of Amino acid late pregnancy, whose prevalence tends to increase in modern societies where financial achievement and work production assume significant proportions. An additional study, “Couple-Focused Interventions for HIV-Serodiscordant Couples during Transition to Motherhood” by Marco Pereira, Frank Dattilio, Maria Cristina Canavarro and Isabel Narciso, addresses therapeutic couple-focused strategies that may be outlined for serodiscordant spouses facing immediate reproductive decisions and a number of future uncertainties following the diagnosis of HIV infection in women during prenatal examinations. This is one of the most common situations in contemporary society in which a woman becomes aware of an HIV condition.

5 cm wide Collins speculum. If introduction of this speculum was judged impossible or if the patient indicated that introduction was too painful, a more slender (2 cm wide) speculum was used. The speculum was only minimally lubricated with a few drops of sterile water. We refrained deliberately from the see more use of anything other than sterile water in order to avoid interference with the vaginal microflora. With the speculum in place, a cotton-tipped swab was rolled around against the mid-portion of one lateral wall to obtain a vaginal smear. The swab was then immediately smeared on a plain glass slide and allowed to dry at room temperature. A second

sterile swab for culture and molecular analysis was rolled around against the same lateral wall of the mid-portion of the vagina and then placed into liquid Amies find more transport medium (Eswab, Nuova Aptaca, Canelli, Italy) and processed at the laboratory within 4 hours. Two commercial (nitrazine) pH strips were used to assess the pH of the neo-vagina: one with pH range from 1 to 10 (with accuracy of 1.0) and another one with pH range from 4 to 7 (with accuracy of 0.1) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). These strips were placed against the vaginal wall

until sufficiently moistened and compared with the manufacturer’s standard by a single observer (SW). In one patient insertion of the speculum was impossible due to an almost complete obliteration of the vagina. In this patient all vaginal swabs and pH-strips were taken superficially at the “”introitus”". Chlamydia was determined on a urine sample using a commercial real time PCR assay (Abbott RealTime CT, Abbott Laboratories, Illinois, US). After completion of the study, we were left with some additional questions which we thought might be of Urease influence on the vaginal microflora. Therefore the patients were sent an additional questionnaire in which they were asked about the regular use of vaginal hygiene products (once a month or more) and about

the presence of bad-smelling vaginal discharge (once a month or more). Staining of slides Smears were Gram stained (Mirastainer, Merck-Belgolabo, Overijse, Belgium) and examined under oil immersion at a magnification of 1000 by a single observer (GC). Culture and identification of cultured isolates by tDNA-PCR For the first 30 women, 100 μl of liquid Amies transport medium was streaked onto 5 different agar plates upon arrival at the microbiology laboratory. The culture medium for recovering aerobic bacteria was Tryptic Soy Agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Staphylococci were recovered on Mannitol Salt Agar (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Both media were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. The culture medium for cultivation of anaerobic bacteria was Columbia based agar with 5% sheep blood (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). MRS agar plates (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) were used for the culture of lactobacilli.

Nat Photonics 2012, 6:115–120.CrossRef 5. Zou JY, Yip HL, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Chien SC, O’Malley K, Chueh CC, Chen HZ, Jen AKY: High-performance inverted polymer solar cells: device characterization, optical modeling, and hole-transporting modifications. Adv Funct Mater 2012,22(13):2804–2811.CrossRef 6. Park SH, Roy A, Beaupre S, Cho S, Coates N, Moon JS, Moses D, Leclerc M, Lee K, Heeger AJ: Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal

quantum efficiency Selleck JPH203 approaching 100%. Nat Photon 2009, 3:297–302.CrossRef 7. Hau SK, Yip HL, Acton O, Baek NS, Ma H, Jen AKY: Interfacial modification to improve inverted polymer solar cells. J Mater Chem 2008, 18:5113–5119.CrossRef 8. Lin ZH, Jiang CY, Zhu CX, Zhang J: Development of inverted organic solar cells with TiO 2 interface layer by using low-temperature atomic layer deposition. Acs Appl Mater Inter 2013, 5:713–718.CrossRef 9. Shim JW, Cheun H, Dindar A, Kim Y, Zhou YH: Indium tin oxide modified by titanium dioxide nanoparticles dispersed in poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) for use as an electron-collecting layer in organic solar cells with an inverted structure. J Mater Res 2013, 28:535–540.CrossRef

10. Ornek O: The effect of TiO 2 layer annealing medium on efficiency in solar cells in inverted structure prepared by TiO 2 . Ener Educ Sci Tech-A 2012, 30:97–102. 11. Tao C, Ruan S, Xie G, Kong X, Shen L, Meng F, Liu C, Zhang X, Dong selleck compound W, Chen W: Role of tungsten oxide in inverted polymer solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 2009, 94:043311.CrossRef 12. Seim R, Choulis SA, Schilinsky P, Brabec CJ: Formation and impact of hot spots on the performance of organic unless photovoltaic cells. Appl Phys Lett 2009, 94:043304.CrossRef 13.

Waldauf C, Morana M, Denk P, Schilinsky P, Coakley K, Choulis SA, Brabec CJ: Highly efficient inverted organic photovoltaics using solution based titanium oxide as electron selective contact. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 89:233517.CrossRef 14. Yang TB, Sun K, Liu XL, Wei W, Yu TZ, Gong X, Wang DL, Cao Y: Zinc oxide nanowire as an electron-extraction layer for broadband polymer photodetectors with an inverted device structure. J Phys Chem C 2012, 116:13650–13653.CrossRef 15. Gholamkhass B, Kiasari NM, Servati P: An efficient inverted organic solar cell with improved ZnO and gold contact layers. Org Electron 2012, 13:945–953.CrossRef 16. Kuwabara T, Nakashima T, Yamaguchi T, Takahashi K: Flexible inverted polymer solar cells on polyethylene terephthalate substrate containing zinc oxide electron-collection-layer prepared by novel sol–gel method and low-temperature treatments. Org Electron 2012, 13:1136–1140.CrossRef 17. Norrman K, Madsen MV, Gevorgyan SA, Krebs FC: Degradation patterns in water and oxygen of an inverted polymer solar cell. J Am Chem Soc 2010, 132:16883–16892.CrossRef 18.